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Biology 20 > Unit B > Flashcards

Unit B Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of Ecology?

A

the study of interactions between organisms and their living and non-living environment

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2
Q

Definition of Abiotic Factor?

A

a non-living factor that influences an organism

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3
Q

Definition of Biotic Factor?

A

a living factor that influences an organism

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4
Q

Definition of Ecotone?

A

a transition area between ecosystems

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5
Q

Definition of Ecological Niche?

A

an organism’s role in an ecosystem, consisting of its place in the food web, its habitat, its breeding area, and the time of day at which it is most active

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6
Q

Definition of Biome?

A

a large geographical region with a specific range of temperatures and precipitation, and the organisms that are adapted to those conditions of temperature and precipitation

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7
Q

Definition of Permafrost?

A

permanently frozen soil

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8
Q

Definition of Muskeg?

A

soil above the permafrost that is swampy or boggy in summer

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9
Q

Definiton of Understorey?

A

below the canopy layer; usually shrubs and smaller trees

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10
Q

Definition of Littoral Zone?

A

the area from the shore of a lake or pond to the point where no more plants grow in the lake bottom

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11
Q

Definition of Limnetic Zone?

A

the area of a lake or pond in which there is open water and sufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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12
Q

Definition of Plankton?

A

autotrophic and heterotrophic microorganisms found in the limnetic zone of a lake or pond

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13
Q

Definition of Profundal Zone?

A

the region of a lake beneath the limnetic zone, in which there is insufficient light for photosynthesis to occur

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14
Q

Definition of Groundwater?

A

water in the soil or rock below Earth’s surface

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15
Q

Definition of Epilimnion?

A

the upper level of a lake, which warms up in summer

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16
Q

Definition of Hypolimnion?

A

the upper level of a lake, which warms up in summer

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17
Q

Definition of Thermocline?

A

the zone between the epilimnion and hypolimnion, in which temperature changes rapidly

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18
Q

Definition of Biotic Potential?

A

the maximum number of offspring that a species could produce with unlimited resources

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19
Q

Definition of Carrying Capacity?

A

the maximum number of individuals of a species that can be supported by an ecosystem

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20
Q

Definition of Law of the Minimum?

A

states that the nutrient in the least supply is the one that limits growth

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21
Q

Definition of Law of Tolerance?

A

states that an organism can survive within a particular range of an abiotic factor

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22
Q

Definition of Density-Independent Factor?

A

a factor in an ecosystem that affects members of a population regardless of population density

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23
Q

Definition of Density-Dependent Factor?

A

a factor in an ecosystem that affects members of a population because of the population density

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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Definition of Slash-and-Burn?

A

the complete clearing of a forest by felling and burning the trees

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26
Q

Definition of Clear-Cutting?

A

the removal of all trees in an area

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27
Q

Definition of Selective Cutting?

A

the harvesting of only certain trees from an area

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28
Q

Definition of Prescribed Burn?

A

burn a controlled fire set intentionally in a designated area

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29
Q

Definition of Oligotrophic?

A

having low nutrient levels

30
Q

Definition of Eutrophic?

A

having high nutrient levels

31
Q

Definition of Coliform Bacteria?

A

a type of bacteria that occurs naturally in the intestines of humans and other animals, and indicates the presence of fecal contamination in water

32
Q

Definition of Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)

A

the amount of dissolved oxygen needed by decomposers to completely break down the organic matter in a water sample at 20 °C over five days

33
Q

Definiton of Watershed?

A

the land that drains toward a lake or other body of water

34
Q

Definition of Taxonomy?

A

the science of classification according to the inferred (presumed) relationships among organisms

35
Q

Definition of Binomial nomenclature?

A

a method of naming organisms by using two names—the genus name and the species name. Scientific names are italicized.

36
Q

Definition of Genus?

A

the first part of a binomial name; a genus includes several species

37
Q

Definition of Species?

A

a group of organisms that look alike and can interbreed under natural conditions to produce fertile offspring

38
Q

Definition of Taxa?

A

categories used to classify organisms

39
Q

Definiton of Protista?

A

a kingdom originally proposed for all unicellular organisms such as the amoeba. More recently, multicellular algae have been added to the kingdom.

40
Q

Definition of Monera?

A

in a five-kingdom system, a kingdom that includes organisms that lack a true nucleus

41
Q

Definiton of Archaebacteria?

A

in a six-kingdom system, a kingdom consisting of prokaryotic microorganisms distinct from eubacteria that possess a cell wall not containing peptidoglycan and that live in harsh environments such as salt lakes and thermal vents

42
Q

Definition of Eubacteria?

A

in a six-kingdom system, a kingdom consisting of prokaryotic microorganisms that possess a peptidoglycan cell wall

43
Q

Definition of Phylogeny?

A

the history of the evolution of a species or a group of organisms

44
Q

Definition of Dichotomous Key?

A

a two-part key used to identify living things.

45
Q

Definition of Paleontology?

A

the study of fossils

46
Q

Definition of Radiometric Dating?

A

a technique used to determine the age of a rock or fossil

47
Q

Definition of Biogeography?

A

the study of the geographic distribution of life on Earth

48
Q

Definiton of Endemic?

A

a term used to describe a species that is found in one location only

49
Q

Definition of Homologous Features?

A

features with similar structures but different functions

50
Q

Definition of Analogous Features?

A

features that are similar in appearance and function, but do not appear to have the same evolutionary origin

51
Q

Definiton of Vestigial Features?

A

rudimentary structures with no useful function

52
Q

Definition of DNA?

A

the molecule that makes up genetic material

53
Q

Definition of Gene?

A

a segment of DNA that performs a specific function, such as coding for a particular protein

54
Q

Definition of Artificial Selection?

A

the process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with the desired traits

55
Q

Definiti9on of Spontaneous Generation?

A

the belief that living things arose from non-living matter

56
Q

Definition of Inheritance of Aquired Characteristics?

A

the false concept of inheritance of features acquired during the life of an individual

57
Q

Definition of Natural Selection?

A

the result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics.

58
Q

Definition of Mutation?

A

a change in the DNA sequence in a chromosome

59
Q

Definition of Neutral Mutation?

A

a mutation that has no effect on the organism

60
Q

Definition of Fitness?

A

an organism’s reproductive success

61
Q

Definition of Harmful Mutation?

A

a mutation that reduces an organism’s fitness

62
Q

Definition of Beneficial Mutation?

A

a mutation that enhances an organism’s fitness

63
Q

Definition of Asexual Reproduction?

A

the production of offspring from a single parent; offspring inherit the genes of that parent only

64
Q

Definition of Siblings?

A

offspring from the same parent (in asexual reproduction) or parents (in sexual reproduction)

65
Q

Definition of Sexual Reproduction?

A

the production of offspring by the union of sex cells from two different parents; the offspring inherit a combination of genes from both parents

66
Q

Definition of Gene Pool?

A

all the genes in a certain population

67
Q

Definition of Speciation?

A

the formation of new species

68
Q

Definition of Allopatric Speciation?

A

speciation by reproductive isolation

69
Q

Definition of Theory of Gradualism?

A

the idea that speciation takes place slowly

70
Q

Definiton of Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium?

A

the idea that species evolve rapidly, followed by a period of little or no change

71
Q

Definiton of Divergent Evolution?

A

evolution into many different species

Biology 20 (4 decks)

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