Unit-Chapt 10

Question 1

Power Elite

Answer 1

defined as a relatively small group of interconnected people who occupy top positions in important social institutions.

Question 2

Pluralist Theory of Power

Answer 2

The idea that U.S. politics is characterized by competing groups that work together to achieve their goals.

Question 3

Elite Theory of Power

Answer 3

the idea that a small group of networked individuals controls the most powerful positions in our social institutions.

Question 4

Social Capital

Answer 4

the number of people we know and the resources they can offer us.

Question 5

The Power Elite

Answer 5

a book written by C. Wright Mills in 1956 that examines and critiques the organization of power in the United States, calling attention to three firmly interlocked prongs of power: the military, corporate, and political elite.

Question 6

The opioid addiction crisis

Answer 6

In 1996, a pharmaceutical company named Purdue Pharm began marketing a new and more potent version of an opioid painkiller. They touted it as nonaddictive, the FDA gave them the green light, and opioids became the most profitable prescription drugs in U.S. history.

Question 7

Interlocks

Answer 7

represent social ties among members of the upper class, formal connections.

Question 8

Social Closure

Answer 8

a process by which advantaged groups preserve opportunities for themselves while restricting them for others.

Question 9

Cultural Capital

Answer 9

symbolic resources that communicate one’s social status.

Question 10

Objectified Cultural Capital

Answer 10

the symbolic significance of things, or objects, we own.

Question 11

Institutional Cultural Capital

Answer 11

the symbolic significance of endorsements from recognized organizations.

Question 12

Embodied Cultural Capital

Answer 12

the symbolic significance of our bodies.

Question 13

Fit

Answer 13

the feeling that our particular mix of cultural capital matches our social context.

Question 14

Ethnography

Answer 14

also called participant observation, a research method that involves careful observation of naturally occurring social interactions, often as a participant.

Question 15

Field Notes

Answer 15

descriptive accounts of what occurred, alongside tentative sociological observations.

Question 16

Ideologies

Answer 16

morally charged beliefs about right and wrong ways to organize our societies, articulated by Antonio Gramsci.

Question 17

Cultural Hegemony

Answer 17

describes power maintained primarily by persuasion, Gramsci introduced the phrase.

Question 18

Hegemonic Ideologies

Answer 18

shared ideas about how human life should be organized that are used to manufacture our consent to existing social conditions.

Question 19

Xenophobia

Answer 19

prejudice against people defined as foreign.

Question 20

Organic Solidarity

Answer 20

cohesion created by shared effort.

Question 21

Mechanic Solidarity

Answer 21

the kind of social cohesion that comes from familiarity and similarity.

Question 22

Individualism

Answer 22

the idea that people are independent actors responsible primarily for themselves.

Question 23

Collectivism

Answer 23

the idea that people are interdependent actors with responsibilities primarily to the group.

Question 24

Social Reproduction

Answer 24

the process by which society maintains an enduring character from generation to generation.

Question 25

Social inequity aversion

Answer 25

emotional distress resulting from witnessing or experiencing an unfair outcome.