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1. Science 10 > Unit C Cycling of Matter in Living Systems : Section 3.0 > Flashcards

Unit C Cycling of Matter in Living Systems : Section 3.0 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a large structure?

A
  • Division of labour is an advantage and disadvantage
  • large size is a disadvantage for nutrient transportation but advantage if it has a system that transports nutrients more effectively
  • Interdependence of cells could be a disadvantage but also an advantage
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2
Q

How is division of labour an advantage?

A

-Specialized cells perform more efficiently

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3
Q

How is a large cell size a disadvantage?

A
  • slower rate of diffusion (The surface area to volume ratio and the related rate of diffusion restricts the size of unicellular organisms)
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4
Q

How is size an advantage?

A
  • In multicellular organisms, internal support structures, that can exist due to the large size of the organism, allow for the efficient exchange of materials, allowing further growth
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5
Q

How is the interdependence of cells an advantage in multi-cellular organisms?

A

-If one cell dies the organism can still function

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6
Q

How is the interdependence of cells a disadvantage in multi-cellular organisms?

A

If one cell malfunction it could be possible that as the problem increases the whole organism could suffer

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7
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells performing the same function together

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8
Q

What are organs?

A

Tissues contributing to the same function

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9
Q

What are Systems?

A

A set of organs that perform a function

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10
Q

What are the 2 organ systems of a plant

A
  • Shoot System
  • Root System
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11
Q

What is the shoot system?

A

Every part of the plant above the ground

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12
Q

What is included in the shoot system of a plant?

A 
Stem
Leaves
Buds
Flowers 
Fruits
*Tubers*
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13
Q

What are tubers?

A

Enlarged, underground stem that stores food

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14
Q

What is the root system?

A

Every part of the plant that is underground

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15
Q

In plants, why do cells divide?

A

The growth of new tissue and repair of damaged tissue

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16
Q

What is mitosis?

A

The process of cell division that allows growth and repair. One cell divides into two cells

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17
Q

What are meristems?

A

Regions in plants where cell division occurs

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues in plants?

A
  • Dermal/Epidermis tissue
  • Ground tissue
  • Vascular tissue
  • Phloem tissue
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19
Q

What is Dermal/Epidermis tissue?

A

-The outer layers of cells that covers all non-woody plants

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20
Q

How many cells thick is the Dermal/Epidermal tissue?

A

1 cell layer thick

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21
Q

What is the Dermal/Epidermal Tissue responsible for?

A

The exchange of matter and gasses in and out of the plant

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22
Q

What is the Epidermis in woody plants?

A

It is replaced by cork and bark during the secondary growth stage and development

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23
Q

What system is the Dermal tissue a part of?

A

The Shoot System

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24
Q

What does the Dermal tissue do in the shoot system?

A
  • Primarily involved in gas exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen
  • Protects plants from disease
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25
Q

What do the cells of leaves secrete?

A

A waxy substance called the cuticle

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26
Q

What does the cuticle do?

A
  • Resists attack from micro-organisms
  • Helps to reduce water loss from the plant
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27
Q

What is Dermal tissue in the root system responsible for?

A

Responsible for the uptake of water and mineral salts from the soil

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28
Q

What is the layer of tissue underneath the epidermis called?

A

Ground tissue

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29
Q

Which tissue makes up the majority of the plant?

A

Ground tissue

Often times,tissues that are not considered dermal or vascular tissueare noted as ground tissue. These cells store molecules (such as starch), photosynthesize (such as mesophyll cells), or support the plant. There are three types of ground tissue: collenchyma, sclerenchyma, and parenchyma

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30
Q

What does ground tissue do in the stem?

A

It provides strength and support for the plant

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31
Q

What does ground tissue do in the roots?

A

It is involved in food and water storage

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32
Q

What occurs in ground tissue in leaves?

A

Photosynthesis occurs

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33
Q

How are the cells in ground tissue arranged?

A

They are loosely packed together

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34
Q

How does ground tissue help with diffusion?

A

Because they are loosely packed together the large spaces allows gas to diffuse rapidly

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35
Q

What is Vascular tissue responsible for?

A

It is responsible for the transport of materials throughout the plant

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36
Q

What are the 2 types of vascular tissue?

A

Xylem tissue

Phloem tissue

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37
Q

What does Xylem tissue do?

A

Moves water and dissolved minerals from the roots up the stem to the leaves

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38
Q

What are the substances, that the Xylem tissue transports, used for?

A

Photosynthesis

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39
Q

What does Xylem tissue look like?

A

Thick-walled tubes of varying diameters

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40
Q

What is the thickening of Xylem tube walls the result of?

A

Cellulose and lignin being deposited on the cell wall

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41
Q

How does Xylem tissue come to be?

A
  • As cylindrical cells mature, they fuse together and the walls at each end become perforated
  • As a result, the contents of the cytoplasm break down and the cells die leaving non-living cell walls attached to each other
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42
Q

Is the Xylem tissue living?

A

No

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43
Q

What does Phloem tissue do?

A

Transports sucrose and other dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant cell

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44
Q

What is Phloem formed from?

A

From individual long sieve tube cells

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45
Q

What do sieve tube cells have?

A

Perforated walls through which cytoplasm extends

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46
Q

What is interesting about Sieve tube cells?

A

They remain alive but lose their nuclei

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47
Q

What are Sieve tube cells connected to?

A

Companion cells

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48
Q

What do companion cells do?

A

They direct the other cells cellular activities

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49
Q

Why are sugars transported? What are they used for?

A

They are used to provide energy for cellular processes such as protein manufacture

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50
Q

What does cellulose form?

A

Fibrous structures for strength and support and may become associated with the formation of wood

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51
Q

How are the sugars in plants stored?

A

As starch in roots, stems, or leaves

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52
Q

What type of cells are root hairs?

A

Specialized cells

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53
Q

What are root hairs?

A

Hair like projects on cells that are apart of the root system that increase surface area for the absorption of water

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54
Q

What does the lower epidermal surface of leaves produce?

A

Guard cells that form tiny pores called stomata for gas exchange

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55
Q

What is interesting about guard cells?

A

They are the only cells in the epidermis that contain chloroplasts

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56
Q

Which place has more stomata? The upper epidermis or the lower epidermis?

A

The lower epidermis

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57
Q

Why does the upper epidermis have fewer stomata?

A

So that there is less water loss

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58
Q

What are the 3 main types of tissue?

A

Thermal
Ground
Vascular

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59
Q

What is the green pigment in chloroplasts called?

A

Chlorophyll

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60
Q

Where are cells containing chloroplasts found?

A

In the ground tissue of leaves and sometimes stems

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61
Q

What is the organelle where a plant carries out photosynthesis called?

A

Chloroplasts

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62
Q

Where does carbon dioxide for photosynthesis come from?

A

Air
Water
Soil

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63
Q

What is the word formula for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —> glucose + oxygen

64
Q

What are the reactants for photosynthesis?

A

Water and Carbon dioxide

65
Q

What are the products of photosynthesis?

A

Glucose and Oxygen

66
Q

What happens in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy

67
Q

Where is the chemical energy from photosynthesis stored?

A

In the molecules of glucose

68
Q

What are not considered to be reactants in photosynthesis?

A

Light and chlorophyll

69
Q

What does cytoplasmic streaming do?

A

Circulates materials and speeds of their distribution within the cell

70
Q

What is the light energy in photosynthesis stored as?

A

Chemical energy within glucose

71
Q

Where does cellular respiration happen?

A

It begins in the cytoplasm but is completed in the mitochondria

72
Q

What is the word formula for cellular respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water + energy

73
Q

What process of the plant only occurs in the day?

A

Photosynthesis

74
Q

How do Stomata work?

A

They open into air chambers that connect with the cells of the ground tissue

75
Q

How do carbon dioxide and oxygen leave and enter the leaf?

A

Through diffusion from the Stoma

76
Q

Where are the majority of Stoma found?

A

On the underside of a leaf next to epidermal cells

77
Q

What is the order of tissue on plants?

A

Cuticle
Epidermis
Ground

78
Q

What are stomata made of?

A

Guard cells

79
Q

How do guard cells work?

A

They swell up to open the stomata and shrink away to close the stomata

80
Q

How do Stoma a work?

A

Light striking the leaf triggers the guard cells to accumulate potassium ions by active transport and as a result, water enters by osmosis and they swell up

81
Q

What are guard cells function?

A
  • To allow materials in and out when necessary

- Protect leaves from losing too much water

82
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The process of water vapor leaving the leaf

83
Q

Why would a plant have less Stoma?

A

To adapt to living in a hot dry climate with low humidity

84
Q

What tissue is between the upper epidermis and the lower epidermis?

A

Specialized tissue called mesophyll

85
Q

What are the types of mesophyll/ground tissue?

A
  • Palisade tissue cells

- Spongy mesophyll tissue

86
Q

Where are palisade tissue cells found?

A

Just below the upper epidermis

87
Q

What do palisade tissue cells look like?

A

Long, rigid, rectangular cells that are tightly packed and arranged so that a large number of cells are exposed to the suns rays

88
Q

What are the palisade tissue cells responsible for?

A

They are responsible for photosynthesis, so they have many chloroplasts in them

89
Q

Where are the spongy mesophyll tissue cells found?

A

In between the palisade tissue cells and the epidermis tissue

90
Q

What do the spongy mesophyll tissue cells look like?

A

Loosely packed, irregularly shaped, and less rigid

91
Q

What is the primary function of the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

Gas exchange by diffusion throughout the leaf. They will move oxygen towards the stomata and carbon dioxide toward that palisade cells

92
Q

What are leaf veins?

A

The network of vascular tissue running through it

93
Q

What is a vascular bundle?

A

The network of Xylem and Phloem bunched together

94
Q

Where can diffusion of gasses other than the leaf happen in plants?

A

Pores along the wood stems and mature roots of plants called lenticels

95
Q

What is Cohesion?

A

The attraction of water molecules to other water molecules

96
Q

Why does water demonstrate Cohesion?

A

Because water is polar. It is slightly positive and slightly negative so it attracts other molecules of water

97
Q

What is adhesion?

A

The attraction of water molecules to other molecules of a substance

98
Q

How is root pressure created?

A
  • Dissolved minerals are present in the cell due to active transport
  • This creates a hypertonic concentration inside the cell
  • The hypertonic solution draws in water by osmosis
  • The water creates positive pressure which forces the fluid up the xylem into the low-pressure leaves
99
Q

What does root pressure do?

A

Root pressure moves water from the roots of the plant to the leaves of the plant

100
Q

What is the maximum root pressure can move water?

A

A maximum of only a few meters

101
Q

What is the overall water movement process affected by?

A

Transpiration

102
Q

Where does transpiration occur?

A

At the stomata

103
Q

How does transpiration affect the plant?

A

As water is lost in the stem and leaves it must be replaced, and so water is drawn from the roots to the pant

104
Q

Why are only certain cells dyed when a plant is placed in colored water?

A

Because water only flows through the xylem cells

105
Q

How do substances have to be to be transported in plants?

A

They have to be dissolved in a film of water

106
Q

What are the differences in pressure caused by in a plant?

A

Osmosis and Transpiration

107
Q

How are minerals absorbed into plants?

A

By the root hairs by active transport

108
Q

How does water enter the roots of a plant?

A

Through osmosis

109
Q

What does the osmosis of water into the xylem tissue create?

A

Root pressure

110
Q

What does root pressure do?

A

It forces water through the cells along the cell wall into the xylem

111
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The evaporation of water through the stomata and lentils

112
Q

What does transpiration create?

A

Tension or Transpiration pull

113
Q

How does Tension or Transpiration pull work?

A

As water molecules evaporate it creates a pull on the other water molecules
-Then combined with the forces of cohesion and adhesion, the pull is enough to draw water up the xylem and into the leaf

114
Q

What happens once the water is drawn up the xylem and into the leaf?

A

The water moves into the ground tissue

115
Q

How does transpiration depend on temperature?

A

-If the temperature is high the rate of evaporation through the stomata will be high and the water movement in the xylem will be rapid

116
Q

How high can water rise per a minute?

A

75 cm

117
Q

What is the remaining water in the leaf used for?

A

It is used to manufacture sugars through photosynthesis and then the sugar is moved into the phloem

118
Q

What is Tonicity?

A

The concentration of solute particles in a solution

119
Q

What effect do changes in tonicity have on a plant?

A

They affect osmosis and the arrangement of structures in plant cells

120
Q

What is plasmolysis?

A

The shrinking of the cytoplasm and membrane away from the cell wall due to outflow of water to a hypertonic environment

121
Q

What is the outward effect of plasmolysis?

A

The leaf appears wilted or limp

122
Q

What causes plasmolysis?

A

When water moves out of the cell in a hypertonic environment

123
Q

What happens if a plant in a hypertonic solution is returned to fresh water?

A

The cells draw in more water end the cell is said to become turgid and cannot let any more water flow in

124
Q

Why is turgidity important in plants?

A

It is important because it holds the green parts up toward sunlight

125
Q

What is a critical process for plants?

A

Phloem transport

126
Q

What are some ways phloem can be killed?

A
  • Dehydration

- Excessive heat

127
Q

What does phloem do?

A

It takes the products of photosynthesis from the leaves to the place where they will be stores, the sink

128
Q

What is the sink?

A

The place where the products of photosythesis can be stored

129
Q

What do sieve tube cells depend on?

A

Companion cells

130
Q

What tissues are made out of sieve tubes?

A

Phloem

131
Q

What do sieve tube cells depend on companion cells to do?

A

The movement of sugars into and out of sieve tube cells

132
Q

How does the phloem become loaded with sugar molecules?

A

The companion cells use carrier proteins and active transport

133
Q

How are glucose molecules moved into the plant?

A

Pressure Flow Theory

  • When glucose enters the plant water molecules also enter the plant through osmosis
  • The increased pressure inside the cells pushes water and sugar through the phloem to the rest of the plant and up at a sink
134
Q

What are some forms of a sink?

A

Root
Tuber
Fruit

135
Q

How do sugars reach other cells from the sieve tube cells?

A

The actively transported across cell membranes

136
Q

What are the sugar molecules used for?

A

Growth, respiration, and other life processes

137
Q

What happens as water leaves the sieve cells?

A

More water and sugar is pushed in the cells

138
Q

What maintains a constant flow of food down the sieve tube?

A

The pressure differences produced by active transport and osmosis

139
Q

What are stimuli?

A

A change in the environment that results in a reaction from an organism

140
Q

What is phototropism?

A

When plants grow toward the light

141
Q

What type of phototropism do stems exhibit?

A

Positive phototropism

142
Q

What type of Phototropism do roots exhibit?

A

Weak negative phototropism because they grow away from the light

143
Q

What is gravitropism?

A

Plant growth in response to gravity

144
Q

What type of gravitropism do stems exhibit?

A

Negative gravitropism because they grow against the force of gravity

145
Q

What type of gravitropism do roots exhibit?

A

Positive gravitropism

146
Q

What is another name for gravitropism?

A

Geotropism

147
Q

What do tropisms do?

A

Ensure survival of a plant

148
Q

Which scientists conducted experiments about phototropism?

A
  • Charles Darwin
  • Peter Boysen-Jensen
  • F.W. Went
149
Q

What plant did the scientists who studied phototropism study?

A

The oat plant

150
Q

What covers developing leaves?

A

An outer sheath

151
Q

How high does the sheath grow in an oat or grass?

A

4-6 cm

152
Q

What happens to a plant if the light only comes in one direction?

A

The sheath will bend towards the light source

153
Q

Which part of the plant is responsible for the detection of stimulus?

A

The tip of the stem

154
Q

What is the photoropic response created by?

A

The elongation of sheath cells

155
Q

What is auxin?

A

The hormone produced in the tip of the plant responsible for the reaction of phototropism

156
Q

How do plants know which way gravity is?

A

Plants rely on starch molecules in specialized cells

1. Science 10 (13 decks)

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