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1. Science 10 > Unit A Energy and Matter in Chemical Change : Exam > Flashcards

Unit A Energy and Matter in Chemical Change : Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

What does an orange diamond mean?

A

Warning

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2
Q

What does a red octagon mean?

A

Danger

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3
Q

What does a yellow triangle mean?

A

Caution

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4
Q

What shape are WHMIS symbols in?

A

Circles

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5
Q

What does WHMIS stand for?

A

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

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6
Q

What are MSDS?

A

Sheets that identify the chemical and physical hazards associate with each substance. It also includes the physical properties

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7
Q

What is the most important safety feature in the lab?

A

You

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8
Q

Why does the Canadian government have so many rules and regulations for chemicals?

A

To protect the environment and the people

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9
Q

What is Malleability?

A

The ability to be beaten or rolled into sheets without crumbling

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10
Q

What is Ductility?

A

Ability to be stretched without breaking

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11
Q

What is Solubility?

A

The ability to dissolve

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12
Q

What is Conductivity?

A

Ability to conduct heat or electricity

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13
Q

What is Magnetism?

A

Magnetic attraction between objects

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of heterogeneous mixtures?

A
  • Mechanical mixtures
  • Suspensions
  • Colloids
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15
Q

What is one type of homogenous mixture?

A

Solution

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16
Q

What are the 4 types of mixtures?

A
  • Solutions
  • Mechanical mixtures
  • Suspensions
  • Colloids
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17
Q

What do chemical reactions always produce?

A

New substances that have completely new properties

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of chemical reactions?

A
  • Involve production of new substance
  • Involve the flow of energy
  • Cause a phase change
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19
Q

What is a phase change?

A

-Formation of a gas or solid

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20
Q

What are the ways of food preservation?

A
  • Freezing
  • Salting
  • Fermentation
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21
Q

What caused scurvy?

A

The lack of vitamin C

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22
Q

What did sea captains do to get rid of scurvy?

A

They brought pickled cabbage aka Sauerkraut

Scurvy is caused by a severe lack of vitamin C (acetic acid). At sea it is hard to get fresh produce so they realized that they would need to have something preserved but that still contains vitamin C. Fermenting actually increases the likelihood of absorbing vitamins and helps digestion along with preserving the food so that it doesn’t rot.

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23
Q

What is metallurgy?

A

The science of producing and using metals

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24
Q

Why was scientific knowledge slow to develop in alchemy?

A

Because they were just finding ways to get rich quickly and did not want to share information

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25
Q

Who were the 4 scientists who contributed to models of atoms?

A
  • Dalton
  • Thomson
  • Rutherford
  • Bohr
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26
Q

Who created the Billiard ball model?

A

John Dalton

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27
Q

How did Ernest Rutherford come to the conclusion of the nucleus?

A
  • He had a radioactive material that produced positive particles and aimed it at gold foil
  • He thought they would go straight through or be slightly deflected but instead some bounced back
  • He said that sometimes the positive core was so strong it caused the atom to be very deflected
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28
Q

What are the physical characteristics of metals?

A
  • Silver or grey
  • Shiny
  • Malleable and ductile
  • Solid
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29
Q

Which metal is not solid at room temperature?

A

Mercury

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30
Q

Why are non-metals grouped together?

A

For their lack of resemblance to each other

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31
Q

What type of variation is there in non-metals?

A

State
Color
Reactivity

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32
Q

What are molecules?

A

Groups of non-metallic elements held together by covalent bonds

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33
Q

What are metalloids?

A

Elements that have properties that are intermediate between metals and non-metals

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34
Q

What properties does the periodic table organize elements?

A

Chemical

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35
Q

Why is hydrogen special?

A

It is a non-metal but acts like a metal in chemical reactions

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36
Q

What is a period?

A

Each horizontal row on the periodic table

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37
Q

What is a group or family?

A

Each vertical column on the periodic table

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38
Q

What are chemical families?

A

Groups of elements that have similar chemical and physical properties

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39
Q

What is the very first group in the periodic table called?

A

Alkali metals

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40
Q

What is the group to the left of the noble gases?

A

Halogens

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41
Q

What are groups in the periodic table that react to form salts?

A

Halogens and Alkali Metals

Halogens can also combine with other metals to form salts.

Salts are formed from an acid and an alkali.

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42
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest part of the element that still has the properties of the elements

43
Q

What are the 3 kinds of subatomic particles?

A

Electrons
Protons
Neutron

44
Q

What are electrons?

A

Negatively charged particles

45
Q

What are protons?

A

Positively charged particles

46
Q

What are neutrons?

A

Neutral particles

47
Q

What adds most weight in an atom?

A

Protons and neutrons

48
Q

What is an energy level?

A

A region of space near the nucleus that may be empty or contain electrons

49
Q

How many electrons can each energy level hold?

A

2, 8, 8

50
Q

What does the atomic number indicate?

A

The number or protons in an atom

51
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Atoms of the same element that contain different numbers of neutrons

52
Q

What is Deuterium?

A

An isotope of hydrogen that contains 1 proton and neutron

53
Q

What is the mass number?

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

54
Q

What will the isotope of an element be described by?

A

Nuclear notation which includes the following:

Mass Number top left
Element Symbol right
Atomic Number bottom left

55
Q

What is the atomic molar mass?

A

The average mass of a mole of an element’s isotopes

56
Q

What is ionization?

A

The process of gaining or losing an electron

57
Q

What is an ion?

A

An electrically charged atom

58
Q

What are cations?

A

Positively charged ions

59
Q

How is a cation formed?

A

An atom loses an electron and represents with a +

60
Q

What are anions?

A

Negatively charged ions

61
Q

How do anions form?

A

When atoms gain electrons and represents a -

62
Q

Why do atoms gain or lose electrons?

A

So they have the same number of electrons of a noble gas

63
Q

Why are noble gasses so stable?

A

They have filled outer energy levels

64
Q

What are electrons in the outermost energy level called?

A

Valence electrons

65
Q

What is the valence number?

A

The number of electrons an element can gain or lose to combine with other elements

66
Q

What does the octet rule state?

A

Atoms bond in such a way as to have 8 electrons in their valence energy level

67
Q

What is a crystal lattice?

A

What forms when an ionic compound forms

68
Q

What state are the ionic compounds? What are the physical properties of ionic compounds?

A
  • Solid
  • High melting and boiling points
  • Conductive
  • Retention of crystal shape
  • Soluble in water
69
Q

What are multivalent elements?

A

Elements with more than 1 stable element

70
Q

What is the chemical formula for methane?

A

CH4

71
Q

What are the physical properties of molecular compounds?

A
  • Any state
  • Poor conductors
  • Low boiling and melting points
72
Q

How do atoms of molecules bond?

A

Using covalent bonds

73
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

When atoms share electrons so that they exist in both elements at the same time

74
Q

What are molecular elements?

A

Molecules made of only type of element

75
Q

What are prefixes for numbers 1-10

A

Mono
Di
Tri
Tetra
Penta
Hexa
Hepta
Octa
Nona
Deca

76
Q

How can you recognize an ionic compound?

A

They will always have a positive and negative ion

77
Q

What does polar mean?

A

Each water molecule is slightly positive and slightly negative so they attract each other

78
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

Any solution that conducts electricity

79
Q

What does the subscript aq mean?

A

Aqueous, dissolved in water

80
Q

What is a precipitate?

A

A solid with a low solubility that forms when 2 solutions are mixed

81
Q

What is special about water?

A

It is polar because it has a positive and negative end so that they attract each other

82
Q

Why does ice float?

A

Because there are fewer molecules of water in the ice because it spreads out

83
Q

What type of acid is in stomachs?

A

Hydrochloric acid

84
Q

What is an acid?

A

A compound that dissolves to form a solution with a pH lower than 7

85
Q

What is a base?

A

A compound that dissolves to form a solution with a pH higher than 7

86
Q

What is the pH of saliva?

A

Basic

87
Q

What does the enzyme pepsin do?

A

Speeds up the digestion of protein and amino acids

88
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces sodium hydrogen carbonate to deactivate pepsin

89
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that can keep the pH of a solution nearly constant despite the addition of an acid or base

90
Q

What are the properties of acids?

A
  • Sour
  • Not slippery
  • Reactive with metal
91
Q

What are the properties of bases?

A
  • Bitter
  • Slippery
  • Non-reactive with metal
92
Q

What is a universal indicator?

A

A mixture of several different indicators that change color as the acidity changes

93
Q

What is the pH of a neutral substance?

A

7

94
Q

How can you identify an acid by its chemical formula?

A

It will begin with H or end with -COOH and will always be aqueous

95
Q

How can you identify a base by its formula?

A

It will always end in OH

96
Q

What is neutralization?

A

A reaction between acids and bases that produces water and salt

97
Q

What are Chlorofluorocarbons?

A

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are non-toxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine. They act as catalysts in the upper atmosphere and cause destruction of the Earth’s ozone layer.

98
Q

What are the 2 most commonly used hazardous recreational substances?

A

Alcohol and nicotine

99
Q

How does alcohol affect the body?

A

Cause destruction of the liver, kidneys, and brain cells

100
Q

What is physical dependence or addiction?

A

When the body becomes used to the drug and needs it to function

101
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

When the use of a drug is linked to a certain mood or feelings but when the drug wears off the feeling disappears

102
Q

What is nicotine present in?

A

All tobacco products

103
Q

Why are cigarettes dangerous?

A

Because they contain many chemicals like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, tar, formaldehyde, and benzene. It also damages the respiratory or circulatory systems

1. Science 10 (13 decks)

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