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1. Science 10 > Unit C Cycling of Matter in Living Systems : Section 2.0 > Flashcards

Unit C Cycling of Matter in Living Systems : Section 2.0 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 7 life processes?

A
  • Intake of nutrients
  • Movement
  • Growth
  • Response to Stimuli
  • Exchange of Gases
  • Waste Removal
  • Reproduction
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2
Q

What are all the organelles in a cell?

A
  • Cell Membrane
  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Chloroplasts
  • Vacuoles and Vesicles
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Ribosomes
  • Lysomes
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Mitochondria
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3
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A
  • A protective barrier for the cell

- Allows the transport of needed materials into the cell and waste materials out

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4
Q

Why is the cell membrane important?

A
  • Cell interaction and communication
  • Recognition of Molecules
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5
Q

What is the nucleus of a cell?

A

-The organelle that contains the DNA, the Genetic material of the cell, and directs all cellular material

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6
Q

What is the nucleus (in a cell, not an atom) surrounded by and what do the surroundings do?

A

It is surrounded by the nuclear envelope, which has pores to allow the transport of materials

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7
Q

What is the Cytoplasm of the cell?

A

-A gel-like substance inside the cell membrane that surrounds it

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8
Q

What does the Cytoplasm contain?

A
  • Contains the nutrients required by the cell to carry out life processes
  • Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm
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9
Q

What is Cytoplasmic streaming?

A

The movement of organelles and molecules within the cell

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10
Q

What is the cell wall found in?

A
  • Plants
  • Bacteria
  • Some protists
  • And fungi
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11
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

A rigid frame around the cell that provides strength and support

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12
Q

Where are Chloroplasts found?

A

They are found in only plants and some protists

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13
Q

What is a protist?

A

A single-celled organism with a nucleus

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14
Q

What do Chloroplasts contain?

A

They contain Chlorophyll that produces a green colour

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15
Q

What are Chloroplasts?

A

-The site of photosynthesis, the process which uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars for the plant’s use and storage

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16
Q

What is the formula for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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17
Q

What are Vacuoles and Vesicles?

A

Membrane-bound structures that serve to store nutrients, products of secretion, and fats, depending on tissue type

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18
Q

What does the central vacuole store in plant cells?

A

Water

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19
Q

What causes a cell to become turgid (firm)?

A

In plant cells, when fluids enter, the central vacuole swells

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20
Q

What do vesicles do?

A

Transport substances throughout the cell

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21
Q

What does turgid mean?

A

Firm

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22
Q

Which organelles are not found in animal cells?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
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23
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

A series of interconnected tubes that branch from the the nuclear envelope. Materials can be transported through these tubes

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24
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to it which make it not smooth

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25
Q

What is Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum associated with?

A

Protein synthesis

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26
Q

What is Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum associated with?

A

Fat and oil production

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27
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A
  • Dense looking granules formed of two parts
  • They may be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum or free in the cytoplasm
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28
Q

What happens inside Ribosomes?

A

They are the sites where amino acids are assembled into proteins in the process of protein synthesis

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29
Q

What are Lysosomes?

A

Membrane-bound sacs in the cell where digestion occurs as well as other related activities.

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30
Q

What are the various roles of Lysosomes?

A
  • Defense against invading bacteria
  • Destruction of damaged cell organelles
  • Controlled digestion of certain tissues during development
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31
Q

What is the Golgi Apparatus?

A

Flat, disc-shaped sacs involved in secretion

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32
Q

Where does the Golgi receive substance from and what does it do with them?

A

The Endoplasmic Reticulum and it packages them for transport out of the cell

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33
Q

What is the Mitochondria?

A

Rod-like structures where reactions occur to convert chemical energy in sugars into energy the cell can use. The process is called cellular respiration

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34
Q

What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6+6O2→6CO2+6H2O+energy

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35
Q

What are the major elements (on the periodic table) making up the structure of plant and animal cells?

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen

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36
Q

What are the four major organic compounds?

A
  • Lipids
  • Carbohydrates
  • Protein
  • Nucleic acids
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37
Q

What are lipids?

A

Fats and oils

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38
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

Sugars, starches, and cellulose

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39
Q

What is an example of protein?

A

Muscle fibre

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40
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

DNA and genetic material

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41
Q

What are organic materials made out of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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42
Q

Why is water called a solvent?

A
  • Many substances can be dissolved in it
  • The solvent nature of water provides the environment for all biological reactions inside and outside cells
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43
Q

What are trace elements?

A

Substances present in tiny amounts that are essential for the health of the cell

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44
Q

What are the trace elements? (context = cell micronutritients)

A

Magnesium
Zinc
Manganese
Iron

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45
Q

What are the similarities between plant and animal cells

A
  • Cell membrane
  • A cytoskeleton made of proteins and lipids
  • Have DNA made up of sugars, nitrogen containing compounds, and phosphate
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46
Q

What is a cytoskeleton?

A

Network of fine protein fibres, also lipids, that support cells that contain a nucleus (plant and animal cells included)

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47
Q

What are the differences between plant and animal cells?

A
  • Animal cells have centrioles
  • Animal cells have specialized compounds
  • Plant cells have cell walls
  • Plant cells have chlorophyll in the chloroplast, animal cells do not have chlorophyll nor do they have chloroplasts
  • Plants store energy in the form of oil (they also store as starch but that is not a difference since animal cells store energy in the form of starch)
  • Plants have a large central vacuole
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48
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Paired structures found in animal cells (not in plant cells) that are important for the process of cell division

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49
Q

How do plant cells store energy?

A

In the form of starch or oils

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50
Q

What does the cell membrane contain?

A

A Phospholipid bilayer

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51
Q

What is a Phospholipid bilayer?

A

A double layer of lipids that each have a phosphate group attached.

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52
Q

How does a Phospholipid bilayer work?

A

The phosphates face out into the watery fluids on either side of the membrane while the lipids face toward each other in the inner part of the membrane. Proteins are suspended in it. Some have sugar molecules attached

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53
Q

What is the Fluid-mosaic model?

A

A description of the arrangement of protein molecules in the fluid double layer of phospholipids that make up the cell membrane

54
Q

Do animals have cell walls?

A

No

55
Q

What are the main things that cells transport?

A

Gases, nutrients and wastes

56
Q

What are the 4 points to the particle model of matter?

A
  1. All matter is made of particles but the particles in different substances may be different in size and composition
  2. The particles of matter are constantly moving or vibrating
  3. The particles of matter are attracted to one another or are bonded together
  4. Particles have spaces between them that are smallest in solids
57
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The natural movement of particles from areas of high concentration to area of low concentration

58
Q

What is equilibrium? (Context =concentrations of substances)

A

When particles maintain an overall balance and even distribution.

59
Q

How can the rate of diffusion be increased?

A

By adding energy and increasing molecular movement

60
Q

What is the rate of diffusion?

A

The relative movement of a particle in response to concentration gradient

61
Q

What does the concentration gradient determine?

A

The direction in which water or solutes move

62
Q

What type of transport is diffusion?

A

Passive transport because no energy is required for it to occur

63
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Movement of substances along a concentration gradient. The movement does not require ATP

64
Q

What type of membrane is the cell membrane and why?

A

Selectively permeable because it allows certain particles to pass through it, but not all particles

65
Q

What is the passage of materials through the cell membrane determined by?

A
  • Size of molecules / small enough to fit through the pores
  • Their charge
  • And whether they are soluble in lipids
66
Q

What is osmosis?

A

When water molecules move across their concentration gradient from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

67
Q

What type of transport is osmosis?

A

Passive transport

68
Q

What is a hypertonic solution?

A

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes (outside of the cell) than that in the cell

69
Q

What is a hypotonic solution?

A

A solution that has a lower concentration of solutes (outside of the cell) than that in the cell

70
Q

What is an isotonic solution?

A

A solution that has the same concentration of solutes as that in the cell

71
Q

How does turgor pressure affect a plant?

A

It supports the plant’s structure

72
Q

Where does water go in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water will move out of the cell because of the high concentration of solute outside of the cell

73
Q

Where does water go in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will move into the cell because of the high concentration of the solute in the cell

Hypotonic refers to less concentration of solute on the outside of the cell. So the water moves in to the cell to equalize the concentrations in and out of the cell.

74
Q

What substances can pass through the lipid bilayer by diffusion?

A

Only substances that are soluble in lipids

75
Q

What substances use facilitated diffusion?

A

Substances that are soluble in water but not in lipids

76
Q

What are the 2 ways of facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel proteins and Carrier proteins

77
Q

How do channel proteins work?

A

They create pores or channels through which small water-soluble particles are able to move. They move in response to the concentration gradient.

A channel protein isa protein that allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane. Remember that a protein is a biological macromolecule made up from a menu of 20 different amino acids and that the sequence of those chains determines the specific shape and function of the protein.

78
Q

How do carrier proteins work?

A

They have the ability to attach to larger molecules that are not able to diffuse across the membrane.

They change shape and physically move the molecule across the membrane

79
Q

Why is it called facilitated diffusion?

A

Because the movement is in response to the concentration gradient but needs the presence of a protein facilitator. Carrier proteins and channel proteins are facilitators.

80
Q

What type of transport is facilitated diffusion?

A

Passive transport because no added energy is needed for the process to occur

81
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

The movement of substances from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against the concentration gradient

82
Q

What does Active transport require?

A

Energy

83
Q

Where does the energy for active transport come from?

A
  • From cellular respiration in the mitochondria.

- The cytoplasm and the mitochondria break down glucose and produce ATP

84
Q

Why would a cell need to use Endocytosis or Exocytosis?

A

Some molecules are too large to pass through the cell membrane

85
Q

What organelle does a cell use to perform Endocytosis or Exocytosis?

A

Vesicles, they are similar in structure to vacuole but are usually small and temporary

86
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

To take particles or molecules in the cell by the formation of a vesicle from the cell membrane

87
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

The release of molecules from a vesicle that fuses with the cell membrane to export molecules from the cell

88
Q

What type of transport are Endocytosis and Exocytosis?

A

Active Transport

89
Q

What are membrane technologies?

A

Research and development based on the cell membrane

90
Q

Where are recognition proteins in the cell?

A

They are embedded within but stick out on the outside

91
Q

What are recognition proteins?

A

Protein molecules protruding from the cells that allow communication between cells

92
Q

What are recognition proteins for?

A

They allow cells to recognize one another

93
Q

What are receptor proteins?

A

Specialized molecules on the surface of the cell to which messenger molecules can bind

94
Q

What do receptor proteins do?

A

They bind specifically with certain molecules to bring them into the cell by endocytosis`

95
Q

What do the sugar groups on some receptor proteins do?

A

They make binding specific and allow and allow the cell to identify a particular bacteria or virus

96
Q

Describe the lock and key scenario discovered to prevent disease

A

The process would work to block or close off the receptor proteins in human cell membrane

97
Q

What is a negative to current cancer treatments?

A

They are unable to single out specific cancer cells so sometimes they target healthy cells

98
Q

What are Liposomes?

A

fluid filled sacs surrounded by the phospholipid bilayer identical to the cell membrane in human cells

99
Q

What are Liposomes used for?

A

The delivery of drugs to infected body tissue

100
Q

How big are Liposomes?

A

Microscopic, about 1/1000 the diameter of human hair

101
Q

How do Liposomes work?

A
  • Water trapped on the inside can hold water-soluble medications while the membrane layer is able to hold fat-soluble medications.
  • The tiny sacs are introduced into the bloodstream and circulate throughout the body
  • Liposomes attach to infected cells and deliver the mediation
102
Q

How do Liposomes assist in gene therapy?

A
  • DNA is contained inside the Liposome

- A molecule on the Liposome surface fits onto certain cancer cells to recognize the target and correct cells

103
Q

What insulin?

A

A protein that binds to a protein on the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell by facilitated diffusion

104
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

In the pancreas

105
Q

How do insulin hormones work?

A
  • It is secreted into the bloodstream and binds with membrane at a distance from the point of secretion
  • The complex formed between the hormone and the target cell triggers the target cell to undergo a particular process
106
Q

How is insulin released from the pancreas?

A

By Exocytosis

107
Q

How does the pancreas detect glucose?

A

It has specialized channels that detects it in the bloodstream

108
Q

What happens when the pancreas detects glucose in the blood?

A

-It initiates the excretion of insulin into the blood

109
Q

What does insulin do?

A

-Binds to the receptor proteins of tissues including, liver, muscle, and fat

110
Q

What does the binding of insulin do?

A

Stimulates the rate of movement of glucose into the cells through facilitated diffusion using a carrier protein

111
Q

What is the glucose in the body used for?

A

Used to produce energy or is stored as a future source of energy

112
Q

How is glucose put into the cell?

A

Facilitated diffusion

113
Q

What are the 2 types of dialysis?

A

Peritoneal dialysis and Hemodialysis

114
Q

How is kidney failure treated?

A

With dialysis

115
Q

What principals are dialysis based on?

A

Diffusion and Osmosis

116
Q

What is the purpose of dialysis?

A

To rid the blood of toxins, wastes, and excess fluids produced by the cells of the body

117
Q

Where do waste products in the body go?

A

In the peritoneum which lines the abdominal cavity

118
Q

How does peritoneal dialysis work?

A
  • A plastic tube is inserted into the abdomen.

- Sterile dialysate fluid is pumped into the abdominal cavity and removes waste from the peritoneum by diffusion

119
Q

What does dialysate consist of?

A

A mixture of water, glucose, and certain substance the body needs

120
Q

How does diffusion work in peritoneal dialysis?

A

The dialysate has no toxin present so the concentration in the blood is higher. The toxin go from high concentration in the blood to low concentration in the fluid

121
Q

Where do the toxins come from in peritoneal dialysis?

A

The intestines are surrounded by a membrane called the peritoneum the waste from the blood is passed into the cells of this fluid

122
Q

How does hemodialysis work?

A

The blood is removed from the body, cleaned using special machines and returned to dialysis

123
Q

What is the downside to hemodialysis?

A

The patient must go to a health clinic and must remain stationary

124
Q

What is desalination?

A

The process of removing salt from seawater to make it suitable for drinking

125
Q

What reverse osmosis?

A

The movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from the are of a high concentration of a solute to a low concentration of a solute

126
Q

How will it affect the transport of substances into the cell if it becomes larger and increases in volume?

A
  • More molecules will have to be transported across the cell surface to take part in the cells function
  • The distance any molecule has to travel from the cell surface increases
127
Q

What happens if a cell increases in size?

A

Its surface area to volume ratio decreases

128
Q

What does a cell need for efficient transport?

A

The cell must have a large surface area in relation to its volume. The greater surface area to volume ratio the more efficient it will be

129
Q

What happens if the surface area of a cell is very little?

A

The opportunities for intake of needed material and the expulsion of waste is very limited

130
Q

What does Xylem in plants do?

A

Delivery of water from the roots to all parts of the plants

131
Q

What does the Phloem in plants do?

A

Distributes sugars throughout the plants according to conditions

132
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

Transport blood to bring nutrients and waste

1. Science 10 (13 decks)

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