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Biology 20-1 > Unit C Cellular Processes > Flashcards

Unit C Cellular Processes Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell energetics refers to..

A

how cells get their energy.

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2
Q

Metabolism is..

A

All of the chemical reactions that are occurring in cells.

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3
Q

Anabolic Reactions is…

A

the building of complex molecules from simpler ones. Requires energy.

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4
Q

Catabolic Reactions is…

A

the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones. Releases energy.

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5
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores…

A

chemical energy that is released by the oxidation of glucose during the process of cellular respiration.

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6
Q

ATP energy is stored in

A

high energy bonds.

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7
Q

When the bonds of ATP are broken, the energy can…

A

be used by the cell.

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8
Q

Cells use the energy for…

A

all metabolic reactions and life processes in living organisms

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9
Q

The reaction to produce ATP occurs in the:

A

Chloroplasts during photosynthesis
Mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration
Cytoplasm during glycolysis

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10
Q

Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) reactions involve…

A

the transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.

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11
Q

Reduction is the ___ of electrons

A

Gain

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12
Q

Oxidation is the ___ of electrons

A

Loss

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13
Q

Energy is ___ during oxidation reactions.

A

Released

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14
Q

Electrons tend to flow down the….

A

energy gradient

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15
Q

Protein is..

A

organic molecules made of long chains of amino acids. Enzymes are proteins.

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16
Q

Carbohydrates are..

A

sugars; carbohydrates can be simple monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.

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17
Q

Lipids (fats) are..

A

chains of glycerol/fatty acid compounds

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18
Q

DNA is

A

deoxyrybonucleicacids, chains of nucleotides. Controls the activities of the cell.

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19
Q

polymers are..

A

chains of monomers

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20
Q

monomers are..

A

chains of repeating molecules

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21
Q

repeated chains are assembled through the process of

A

dehydration synthesis

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22
Q

reverse of dehydration synthesis is when bonds are broken by…

A

hydrolysis.

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23
Q

Enzymes are..

A

protein molecules that act as catalysts. They can help to put together OR take apart molecules, without being consumed in the reaction.

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24
Q

enzymes have specific..

A

shape that allows them to bind with reactants

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25
Q

Chloroplast is…

A

a membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis

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26
Q

Stroma…

A

the protein-rich semi-liquid material in the interior of a chloroplast

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27
Q

Thylakoid is..

A

a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast

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28
Q

Grana is…

A

stacks of thylakoids

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29
Q

Lamellae are…

A

groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana

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30
Q

Thylakoid Membrane is..

A

the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains

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31
Q

Thylakoid Lumen is…

A

the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid

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32
Q

Photosynthesis takes place inside plant cells that are..

A

green.

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33
Q

They appear green because those cells contain..

A

chloroplasts in their cytoplasm.

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34
Q

When photons of light strike a pigment, they can do one of three things:

A

Reflect
Absorb
Transmit

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35
Q

What happens to the light striking a pigment is determined by two main factors

A

The wavelength of the light
The stereochemistry of the pigment

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36
Q

Stereochemistry refers to the…

A

three dimensional shape of the pigment molecule based on how its atoms bond to each other. The shape determines what light it will absorb, reflect, or transmit!

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37
Q

Pigments fall into one of two categories:

A

Primary or Core Pigments
Antenna Pigments

38
Q

Chlorophyll a is the ____ of photosynthesis

A

core pigment

39
Q

_____ has the ability to absorb light in the blue and red parts of the spectrum, and reflects most of the green wavelengths of light.

A

chlorophyll

40
Q

____ work to capture energy from wavelengths of light chlorophyll a doesn’t react with. They pass energy onto chlorophyll a so that it loses MORE electrons, thereby allowing the plant to use all of the visible spectrum

A

Antenna pigments

41
Q

Antenna pigments include: (5)

A

Chlorophyll b
Xanthophylls
Carotenes (Carotenoids)
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin

42
Q

Chromatography is.,..

A

separating molecules that are in a mixture by passing them through a medium in which the molecules move at different rates due to their mass and their stereochemistry

43
Q

pigments in a plant are found in clusters embedded in the

A

thylakoid membrane

44
Q

pigment clusters embedded in the thylakoid membrane are called..

A

photosystems

45
Q

Photosystems work in pairs and there are two types in each pair:

A

Photosystem I (PS1)
Photosystem II (PS2)

46
Q

Light Dependent Reactions require…

A

Requires light
Light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH

47
Q

Light Independent Reactions

A

Does not require light
Uses the products of the light dependent reaction (ATP & NADPH) to produce glucose

48
Q

Cytochromes can…

A

take or pass electrons onto the next cytochrome

49
Q

By pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane, gradients are created called..

A

Concentration Gradient:
Electrostatic Gradient:

50
Q

Concentration Gradient: has..

A

more H+ on the inside than outside

51
Q

Electrostatic Gradient has …

A

inside is slightly more positive than outside in that area

52
Q

The Alberta cirriculum generally goes with the standard __ ATP made from one glucose.

A

36

53
Q

cells gross ATP is….

A

38

54
Q

The mitochondrion is an organelle in all

A

eukaryotic cells

55
Q

Many mitochondria are found in the..

A

cytoplasm.

56
Q

The Endosymbiotic Theory states that….

A

the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).

57
Q

____ is the first part of Cellular Respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm.

A

glycolysis

58
Q

When glucose enters the cell, the first thing that happens is that it is ____ using two ATP

A

phosphorylated

59
Q

phosphorylated cells get rearranged and get a new name called…

A

Fructose

60
Q

glucose gets phosphorylated for two reasons:

A

to provide energy for the metabolic pathway to start
adding phosphates/phosphorylating traps the glucose in the cell

61
Q

When NAD gets hydrogens and electrons, it becomes

A

NADH

62
Q

When FAD gets hydrogens and electrons, it becomes

A

FADH

63
Q

For every 1 NADH formed = _ ATP made via Chemiosmosis

A

3 atp

64
Q

For every 1 FADH formed = _ ATP made via Chemiosmosis

A

2 atp

65
Q

At the end of Glycolysis, the PGA molecules are converted into molecules of ____ or ______

A

Pyruvic Acid or Pyruvate

66
Q

reactants>products of glycolysis

A

Reactants → Products
Glucose → 2 pyruvate
2 NAD → 2 NADH
2 ATP → 2 ADP
4 ADP → 4 ATP

67
Q

What is the role of ATP at the start of glycolysis?

A

Convert glucose to fructose diphosphate

68
Q

I n the transition reaction 3 important things can happen..

A

More hydrogens and electrons are stripped off the molecule
The remaining part of the molecule loses a carbon and two oxygens
The leftover 2C molecule is picked up by a coenzyme

69
Q

Krebs cycle is also called the

A

Citric Acid Cycle

70
Q

Krebs cycle atp count..

A

Krebs Cycle:
6 NADH’s = 18 ATP
2 FADH’s = 4 ATP
2 ATP direct = 2 ATP

71
Q

the burn in your muscles when you exercise is called…

A

lactic acid

72
Q

Without oxygen, most cells will start

A

anaerobic respiration

73
Q

Some simpler organisms (like bacteria and fungi) produce CO2 and Ethanol, This is called…

A

Fermentation.

74
Q

the correct summary equation of photo synthesis is…

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

75
Q

In a plant cell, the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the:

A

Thylakoid Membrane

76
Q

In a plant cell, the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the:

A

Stroma

77
Q

Which colours of light are absorbed best for photosynthesis?

A

blue and red

78
Q

Which colour of light is reflected best for photosynthesis?

A

green

79
Q

The pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located within its:

A

photosystems in Thylakoid membranes

80
Q

The molecule in the Calvin cycle that combines with carbon dioxide is:

A

RuBP

81
Q

How many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP

A

5

82
Q

The function of cellular respiration is to:

A

Make ATP

83
Q

The term anaerobic means:

A

Without oxygen

84
Q

Which of the following processes makes direct use of oxygen?

A

Electron transport chain

85
Q

At the end of the Krebs cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been transferred to:

A

NADH and FADH

86
Q

In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during:

A

In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during:

87
Q

Glycolysis takes place in the:

A

Cytoplasm

88
Q

The Krebs cycle takes place in the:

A

mitochondrial matrix

89
Q

Within the mitochondria, the proton gradient develops across the:

A

Intermembrane Space

90
Q

NADPH is

A

the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions,

91
Q
A

Biology 20-1 (6 decks)

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