Unit C Cellular Processes Flashcards
Cell energetics refers to..
how cells get their energy.
Metabolism is..
All of the chemical reactions that are occurring in cells.
Anabolic Reactions is…
the building of complex molecules from simpler ones. Requires energy.
Catabolic Reactions is…
the breaking down of complex molecules into simpler ones. Releases energy.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) stores…
chemical energy that is released by the oxidation of glucose during the process of cellular respiration.
ATP energy is stored in
high energy bonds.
When the bonds of ATP are broken, the energy can…
be used by the cell.
Cells use the energy for…
all metabolic reactions and life processes in living organisms
The reaction to produce ATP occurs in the:
Chloroplasts during photosynthesis
Mitochondria during aerobic cellular respiration
Cytoplasm during glycolysis
Reduction-Oxidation (Redox) reactions involve…
the transfer of electrons from one atom or molecule to another.
Reduction is the ___ of electrons
Gain
Oxidation is the ___ of electrons
Loss
Energy is ___ during oxidation reactions.
Released
Electrons tend to flow down the….
energy gradient
Protein is..
organic molecules made of long chains of amino acids. Enzymes are proteins.
Carbohydrates are..
sugars; carbohydrates can be simple monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides. Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide.
Lipids (fats) are..
chains of glycerol/fatty acid compounds
DNA is
deoxyrybonucleicacids, chains of nucleotides. Controls the activities of the cell.
polymers are..
chains of monomers
monomers are..
chains of repeating molecules
repeated chains are assembled through the process of
dehydration synthesis
reverse of dehydration synthesis is when bonds are broken by…
hydrolysis.
Enzymes are..
protein molecules that act as catalysts. They can help to put together OR take apart molecules, without being consumed in the reaction.
enzymes have specific..
shape that allows them to bind with reactants
Chloroplast is…
a membrane-bound organelle in green plant and algal cells that carries out photosynthesis
Stroma…
the protein-rich semi-liquid material in the interior of a chloroplast
Thylakoid is..
a system of interconnected flattened membrane sacs forming a separate compartment within the stroma of a chloroplast
Grana is…
stacks of thylakoids
Lamellae are…
groups of unstacked thylakoids between grana
Thylakoid Membrane is..
the photosynthetic membrane within a chloroplast that contains light-gathering pigment molecules and electron transport chains
Thylakoid Lumen is…
the fluid-filled space inside a thylakoid
Photosynthesis takes place inside plant cells that are..
green.
They appear green because those cells contain..
chloroplasts in their cytoplasm.
When photons of light strike a pigment, they can do one of three things:
Reflect
Absorb
Transmit
What happens to the light striking a pigment is determined by two main factors
The wavelength of the light
The stereochemistry of the pigment
Stereochemistry refers to the…
three dimensional shape of the pigment molecule based on how its atoms bond to each other. The shape determines what light it will absorb, reflect, or transmit!
Pigments fall into one of two categories:
Primary or Core Pigments
Antenna Pigments
Chlorophyll a is the ____ of photosynthesis
core pigment
_____ has the ability to absorb light in the blue and red parts of the spectrum, and reflects most of the green wavelengths of light.
chlorophyll
____ work to capture energy from wavelengths of light chlorophyll a doesn’t react with. They pass energy onto chlorophyll a so that it loses MORE electrons, thereby allowing the plant to use all of the visible spectrum
Antenna pigments
Antenna pigments include: (5)
Chlorophyll b
Xanthophylls
Carotenes (Carotenoids)
Phycocyanin
Phycoerythrin
Chromatography is.,..
separating molecules that are in a mixture by passing them through a medium in which the molecules move at different rates due to their mass and their stereochemistry
pigments in a plant are found in clusters embedded in the
thylakoid membrane
pigment clusters embedded in the thylakoid membrane are called..
photosystems
Photosystems work in pairs and there are two types in each pair:
Photosystem I (PS1)
Photosystem II (PS2)
Light Dependent Reactions require…
Requires light
Light energy is used to convert ADP to ATP and reduce NADP to NADPH
Light Independent Reactions
Does not require light
Uses the products of the light dependent reaction (ATP & NADPH) to produce glucose
Cytochromes can…
take or pass electrons onto the next cytochrome
By pumping protons across the thylakoid membrane, gradients are created called..
Concentration Gradient:
Electrostatic Gradient:
Concentration Gradient: has..
more H+ on the inside than outside
Electrostatic Gradient has …
inside is slightly more positive than outside in that area
The Alberta cirriculum generally goes with the standard __ ATP made from one glucose.
36
cells gross ATP is….
38
The mitochondrion is an organelle in all
eukaryotic cells
Many mitochondria are found in the..
cytoplasm.
The Endosymbiotic Theory states that….
the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells were once aerobic bacteria (prokaryote) that were ingested by a large anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote).
____ is the first part of Cellular Respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm.
glycolysis
When glucose enters the cell, the first thing that happens is that it is ____ using two ATP
phosphorylated
phosphorylated cells get rearranged and get a new name called…
Fructose
glucose gets phosphorylated for two reasons:
to provide energy for the metabolic pathway to start
adding phosphates/phosphorylating traps the glucose in the cell
When NAD gets hydrogens and electrons, it becomes
NADH
When FAD gets hydrogens and electrons, it becomes
FADH
For every 1 NADH formed = _ ATP made via Chemiosmosis
3 atp
For every 1 FADH formed = _ ATP made via Chemiosmosis
2 atp
At the end of Glycolysis, the PGA molecules are converted into molecules of ____ or ______
Pyruvic Acid or Pyruvate
reactants>products of glycolysis
Reactants → Products
Glucose → 2 pyruvate
2 NAD → 2 NADH
2 ATP → 2 ADP
4 ADP → 4 ATP
What is the role of ATP at the start of glycolysis?
Convert glucose to fructose diphosphate
I n the transition reaction 3 important things can happen..
More hydrogens and electrons are stripped off the molecule
The remaining part of the molecule loses a carbon and two oxygens
The leftover 2C molecule is picked up by a coenzyme
Krebs cycle is also called the
Citric Acid Cycle
Krebs cycle atp count..
Krebs Cycle:
6 NADH’s = 18 ATP
2 FADH’s = 4 ATP
2 ATP direct = 2 ATP
the burn in your muscles when you exercise is called…
lactic acid
Without oxygen, most cells will start
anaerobic respiration
Some simpler organisms (like bacteria and fungi) produce CO2 and Ethanol, This is called…
Fermentation.
the correct summary equation of photo synthesis is…
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
In a plant cell, the light reactions of photosynthesis take place in the:
Thylakoid Membrane
In a plant cell, the light independent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the:
Stroma
Which colours of light are absorbed best for photosynthesis?
blue and red
Which colour of light is reflected best for photosynthesis?
green
The pigment molecules of a chloroplast are located within its:
photosystems in Thylakoid membranes
The molecule in the Calvin cycle that combines with carbon dioxide is:
RuBP
How many carbon atoms are there in a molecule of RuBP
5
The function of cellular respiration is to:
Make ATP
The term anaerobic means:
Without oxygen
Which of the following processes makes direct use of oxygen?
Electron transport chain
At the end of the Krebs cycle, most of the energy removed from the glucose molecule has been transferred to:
NADH and FADH
In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during:
In aerobic cellular respiration, most of the ATP is synthesized during:
Glycolysis takes place in the:
Cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle takes place in the:
mitochondrial matrix
Within the mitochondria, the proton gradient develops across the:
Intermembrane Space
NADPH is
the reduced form of NADP+; used in anabolic reactions,
