Unit C Flashcards
What is the process of chloroplast?
photosynthesis
What are the parts of the chloroplast?
thylakoid
stroma
lamella
granum
inner membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space
What are the stages of the chloroplast?
Stage 1: Capturing solar energy into electrons (Light Dependent)
Stage 2: Using trappped energy to make ATP and NADPH (Light Dependent)
Stage 3: energy (ATP + NADPH) and electrons (NADPH) and CO2 are used to form glucose
Where does the light-dependent reactions take place?
The thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Where does the Light Independent/Calvin Cycle take place?
within the stroma
What is the role of the Intermembrane Space in the process of the chloroplast?
nucleotide phosphorylation: The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside
What is the role of the Stroma Lamellae in the process of the chloroplast?
connects thylakoids of two different grana. They increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together
What is the role of the Thylakoid in the process of the chloroplast?
to help absorb sunlight in order for photosynthesis to occur
What is the role of the Lumen in the process of the chloroplast?
the compartment where molecular oxygen is produced from water during photosynthetic light-dependent reactions
What is the role of the Inner Membrane in the process of the chloroplast?
fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP
What is the role of the Outer Membrane in the process of the chloroplast?
The outer membrane of the chloroplast encloses the intermembrane space between the inner and outer chloroplast membranes
What is the role of the Granum in the process of the chloroplast?
the site for the light reaction of the photosynthesis
What is the role of the Stroma in the process of the chloroplast?
provide volume around the different structures inside the chloroplast for protection
What are light dependent reactions?
requires radient energy - occurs in daylight
What are light independent reactions?
can occur anytime
What is Photolysis?
a reaction where a compund (water) is broken down by light
What is Chemiosmosis?
a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase enzymes
What is ETC?
series of electron acceptors, each time an e- is transferred energy is lost
What is the Calvin Cycle?
the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars
What is NADPH?
electron carrier, energy transfer molecule
What is ATP?
energy molecule
What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?
The complete range of all types of radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves
What is light?
A section of the EMR visible spectrum (ROYGBIV)
What is a Photon?
A small unit of energy at a specific EMR wavelength “a packet of light”
What is Refraction?
bending of light as it passes through an object
What is Reflection?
energy (light) bounces off a surface
What is Transmitted?
energy (light) passes through an object
What is Absorption?
energy is absorbed by an object
What does it mean if you see white?
all colours are being reflected
What does it mean if you see black?
all colours are being absorbed
What does bigger wavelengths mean?
less energy
What do smaller wavelengths mean?
more energy
What are pigments?
chemicals which can absorb part of the EMR
What are the 4 pigments?
Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Carotenoids
Xanthophylls
Anthocyanins
What is Chlorophyll A?
Blue Green
Most important pigment for photosynthesis
What is Chlorphyll B?
Yellow Green
accessory pigment ehich transfers energy to chlorophyll A
What is Carotenoids?
Orange pigment
What is Xanthophylls?
yellow pigment
What is Anthocyanins?
red and purple pigments
What is the importance of Chlorophyll?
sustains plant life and produces oxygen for the entire planet
What is the Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration? (or photosynthesis)
C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP
What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?
Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.
What are the 4 stages of Aerobic respiration?
glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
the Krebs cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis
Where does Glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Where does the Pyruvate Oxidation take place?
mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Krebs cycle take place?
mitochondrial matrix
Where does the Electron transport and chemiosmosis take place?
inner mitochrondrial membrane
What are the two electron carriers?
NADH and FADH2
How do we get 36 ATP?
electron transport from the molecules of NADH and FADH2 made from glycolysis, the transformation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle creates as many as 32 more ATP molecules. Therefore, a total of up to 36 molecules of ATP can be made from just one molecule of glucose in the process of cellular respiration (LOOK AT NOTES)
What are the two types of Anaerobic respiration?
alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation
What is alcohol fermentation?
creates ethanol and CO2 from glucose
In the process, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue
What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?
producses lactic acid from glucose
in the process, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue
What is the Chemical equation for glucose?
C₆H₁₂O₆
