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bio > Unit C > Flashcards

Unit C Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of chloroplast?

A

photosynthesis

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2
Q

What are the parts of the chloroplast?

A

thylakoid
stroma
lamella
granum
inner membrane
outer membrane
intermembrane space

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3
Q

What are the stages of the chloroplast?

A

Stage 1: Capturing solar energy into electrons (Light Dependent)
Stage 2: Using trappped energy to make ATP and NADPH (Light Dependent)
Stage 3: energy (ATP + NADPH) and electrons (NADPH) and CO2 are used to form glucose

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4
Q

Where does the light-dependent reactions take place?

A

The thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts

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5
Q

Where does the Light Independent/Calvin Cycle take place?

A

within the stroma

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6
Q

What is the role of the Intermembrane Space in the process of the chloroplast?

A

nucleotide phosphorylation: The process of introducing one or more phosphate groups into a nucleotide to produce a phosphorylated nucleoside

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7
Q

What is the role of the Stroma Lamellae in the process of the chloroplast?

A

connects thylakoids of two different grana. They increase the efficiency of photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together

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8
Q

What is the role of the Thylakoid in the process of the chloroplast?

A

to help absorb sunlight in order for photosynthesis to occur

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9
Q

What is the role of the Lumen in the process of the chloroplast?

A

the compartment where molecular oxygen is produced from water during photosynthetic light-dependent reactions

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10
Q

What is the role of the Inner Membrane in the process of the chloroplast?

A

fills the role of the inner mitochondrial membrane in electron transport and the chemiosmotic generation of ATP

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11
Q

What is the role of the Outer Membrane in the process of the chloroplast?

A

The outer membrane of the chloroplast encloses the intermembrane space between the inner and outer chloroplast membranes

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12
Q

What is the role of the Granum in the process of the chloroplast?

A

the site for the light reaction of the photosynthesis

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13
Q

What is the role of the Stroma in the process of the chloroplast?

A

provide volume around the different structures inside the chloroplast for protection

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14
Q

What are light dependent reactions?

A

requires radient energy - occurs in daylight

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15
Q

What are light independent reactions?

A

can occur anytime

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16
Q

What is Photolysis?

A

a reaction where a compund (water) is broken down by light

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17
Q

What is Chemiosmosis?

A

a process for synthesizing ATP using the energy of an electrochemical gradient and ATP synthase enzymes

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18
Q

What is ETC?

A

series of electron acceptors, each time an e- is transferred energy is lost

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19
Q

What is the Calvin Cycle?

A

the cycle of chemical reactions where the carbon from the carbon cycle is fixed into sugars

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20
Q

What is NADPH?

A

electron carrier, energy transfer molecule

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21
Q

What is ATP?

A

energy molecule

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22
Q

What is the Electromagnetic Spectrum?

A

The complete range of all types of radiation that has both electric and magnetic fields and travels in waves

23
Q

What is light?

A

A section of the EMR visible spectrum (ROYGBIV)

24
Q

What is a Photon?

A

A small unit of energy at a specific EMR wavelength “a packet of light”

25
Q

What is Refraction?

A

bending of light as it passes through an object

26
Q

What is Reflection?

A

energy (light) bounces off a surface

27
Q

What is Transmitted?

A

energy (light) passes through an object

28
Q

What is Absorption?

A

energy is absorbed by an object

29
Q

What does it mean if you see white?

A

all colours are being reflected

30
Q

What does it mean if you see black?

A

all colours are being absorbed

31
Q

What does bigger wavelengths mean?

A

less energy

32
Q

What do smaller wavelengths mean?

A

more energy

33
Q

What are pigments?

A

chemicals which can absorb part of the EMR

34
Q

What are the 4 pigments?

A

Chlorophyll A
Chlorophyll B
Carotenoids
Xanthophylls
Anthocyanins

35
Q

What is Chlorophyll A?

A

Blue Green
Most important pigment for photosynthesis

36
Q

What is Chlorphyll B?

A

Yellow Green
accessory pigment ehich transfers energy to chlorophyll A

37
Q

What is Carotenoids?

A

Orange pigment

38
Q

What is Xanthophylls?

A

yellow pigment

39
Q

What is Anthocyanins?

A

red and purple pigments

40
Q

What is the importance of Chlorophyll?

A

sustains plant life and produces oxygen for the entire planet

41
Q

What is the Chemical Equation for Cellular Respiration? (or photosynthesis)

A

C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 –> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

42
Q

What is the difference between Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration?

A

Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.

43
Q

What are the 4 stages of Aerobic respiration?

A

glycolysis
Pyruvate Oxidation
the Krebs cycle
Electron transport and chemiosmosis

44
Q

Where does Glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

45
Q

Where does the Pyruvate Oxidation take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

46
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

mitochondrial matrix

47
Q

Where does the Electron transport and chemiosmosis take place?

A

inner mitochrondrial membrane

48
Q

What are the two electron carriers?

A

NADH and FADH2

49
Q

How do we get 36 ATP?

A

electron transport from the molecules of NADH and FADH2 made from glycolysis, the transformation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle creates as many as 32 more ATP molecules. Therefore, a total of up to 36 molecules of ATP can be made from just one molecule of glucose in the process of cellular respiration (LOOK AT NOTES)

50
Q

What are the two types of Anaerobic respiration?

A

alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation

51
Q

What is alcohol fermentation?

A

creates ethanol and CO2 from glucose
In the process, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue

52
Q

What is Lactic Acid Fermentation?

A

producses lactic acid from glucose
in the process, NADH is oxidized to NAD+, allowing glycolysis to continue

53
Q

What is the Chemical equation for glucose?

A

C₆H₁₂O₆

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