Circulatory System Flashcards
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
Transports:
Gases (O2 and CO2)
Heat (from cellular respiration)
Waste and Nutrients
White blood cells for immunity
plasma proteins (clotting proteins and antibiotics)
hormones (transfer around the body through the blood)
What are the branches of the circulatory system?
Systemic circulatory system (!)
Pulmonary circulatory system (!)
Hepatic-Portal circulatory system
Coronary circulatory system
What is the Systemic circulatory system?
vessels distribute materials to and from individual cells
What is the Pulmonary circulatory system?
vessels traveling from heart to lungs and back to heart
What is the Hepatic-Portal circulatory system?
branch of systemic system to and from the kidneys and liver
What is the Coronary circulatory system?
blood supply to the heart tissue
What are veins?
A blood vessel that carries blood to the heart from tissues and organs in the body.
-composed of 3 layers
-thin muscle layer (little blood pressure)
-contains unidirectional valves
-blood flow by muscular contractions
-goes toward the heart
-deoxygenated (execpt pulmonary vein)
What are arteries?
the blood vessels that bring oxygen-rich blood from your heart to all of your body’s cells
-composed of 3 layers
-thick muscle layer for blood pressure
-elastic (rebound back to shape after pulse)
-pulse
-goes away from heart
-oxygenated (expect pulmonary artery)
What are capillaries?
delicate blood vessels that exist throughout your body
-exchange occurs
-One cell layer thick
-connects arteries to veins
What is Vasodilation?
widening of blood vessels (increase blood flow)
What is Vasoconstriction?
narrowing of blood vessels (decreased blood flow)
What is Arteriosclerosis?
a condition of the hardening of an artery; an artery becomes less elastic and does not expand under pressure (typical of old age)
What is Atherosclerosis? (!!)
a form of arteriosclerosis charaterized by the buildup of fatty plaques in the wall of the vessel
What are Varicose Veins?
veins that are dilated due to the accumulation of blood. Blood pressure stretches the valves and permit the backflow of blood
Main causes: Pregancy, obesity, and standing for long periods of time
What is an Aneurysm?
a bulge that develops at a weakened region in the wall of a blood vessel (due to birth defect, injury, or atherosclerosis). Cells are deprived of oxygen and nutrients. The anerurysm may rupture or be surgically treated
What is a Systole?
Contraction
What is a Diastole?
Relaxation
What are the Nodes of the Heart?
Sino-Atrial Node (SA node)
Atrioventricular Node (AV node)
Atrioventricular Bundle
Purkinje Fibers
What is Nodal Tissue?
specialized muscle cells which act as nerve vells by conducting impulses that result in heart contraction
What is Myogenic Muscle?
muscles that contracts without external nerve stimulation
What is Sino-Atrial Node?
-Wall of right atrium
-Pacemaker-iniates contractions
-Contracts atrial chambers and stimmulates AV nodes
What is Atrioventricular Node?
-AV found in septum of Atria
-Contracts Atria
-Relates impulse to Bundle
What is Atrioventricular Bundle?
-Bundle of HIS
-Septum of ventricles
-Stimmulates Purkinje fibres
-Contraction of ventricles
What is Purkinje Fibres?
-Extends through walls of ventricles
-Ventricular contraction
What makes a lub noise?
closing of the system AV valves (beginning of ventricular system)
What makes a dub noise?
closing of the semilunar valves (end of ventricular system)
What is an ECG/EKG?
Electrocardiograph:
device that maps electric field within the heart
What does the P wave represent?
Artria contracts
What does the QRS wave represent?
ventricule contracts
What does the T wave represent?
ventricules recover
What order do the waves go?
- P wave
- QRS wave
3.T wave
What is the process of one heart beat?
From the AV node, the electrical impulse travels through the specialized fibers called the Bundle of His and through bundle branches to transmit the impulse to the ventricular muscle, resulting in ventricular contraction. Contraction of the atria, followed by the ventricles, causes blood to be pumped to the body.
What is cardiac output?
the volume of blood discharged from the left ventricle (into the aorta) per min. Affected by stroke volume and heart rate
What is heart rate?
the number of beats per min
What is stroke volume?
volume of blood ejected per beat
How do you calculate cardiac output?
stroke volume X heart rate
What is blood pressure?
the force exerted against walls of the arteries
What is blood pressure measured in?
mmHg or kPa
What is factors determine blood pressure?
-Cardiac Output (> cardiac output = more pressure)
-arteriolar resistance (diameter of vessel, < diameter more resistance to flow there > blood pressure)
What device is used to measure blood pressure?
sphygmomanometer
What is a normal blood pressure reading?
between 90/60 mmHg and 120/80 mmHg (man/woman)
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure
What would the blood pressure be for hypertension?
130/80 mm Hg or higher
How does the circulatory system respond to low pressure?
increases cardiac output and arterioles to constrict raising blood pressure
How does the circulatory system respond to high pressure?
arterioles dilate increasing blood flow and decrease in heart rate and stroke volume
How does the circulatory system respond to being to hot weather?
more blood flow to the skin. This causes the heart to beat faster while circulating twice as much blood per minute than normal day
How does the circulatory system respond to being to hot weather?
blood vessels narrow in your skin and fingers and toes, so that less heat is lost. But this narrowing (called ‘vasoconstriction’) creates more pressure in the rest of the circulation, meaning the heart has to work harder to pump blood around the body, increasing heart rate and blood pressure
What is the capillary fluid exchange model?
Capillary exchange refers to the exchange of material from the blood into the tissues in the capillary
How does hydrostatic pressure contribute to the CFEM?
forces fluid out of the capillary
How does osmotic
pressure contribute to the CFEM?
draws fluid back in
What are 3 heart conditions
Angina, valve replacements, hole in heart
What is Angina?
a type of chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart
What is a valve replacement?
the replacement of one or more of the heart valves with either an artificial heart valve or a bioprosthesis
What is a hole in heart?
a type of congenital heart defect
What is the function of the lymphatic system?
carries fluid and small
proteins from the ECF and return it back
to Circulatory System
