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AP Science 10 > Unit A.1 Science 10 > Flashcards

Unit A.1 Science 10 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is methane hydrate made out of?

A

Ice and Methane (natural gas), the ice molecules “jail in” the methane molecules

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2
Q

How does methane hydrate form?

A

It forms under low temp and great pressure

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3
Q

Where is methane hydrate found?

A

Under the sea beds of continents and in the artic permafrost

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4
Q

What does methane hydrate produce when burned

A

Carbon Dioxide

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5
Q

What 2 molecules make up methane hydrate?

A

Hydrogen and Oxygen

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6
Q

What does safety depend on?

A

Awareness, knowledge & Action

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7
Q

What precautions do you take to avoid poisoning?

A
  1. Don’t eat anything in lab

2. Wash you hands regularly

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8
Q

What precautions do you take to avoid scalding?

A
  1. Keep far away when handling anything hot; keep out of reach of spill
  2. Inform others when transporting hot/dangerous stuff
  3. Use correct kind of tongs for lifting
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9
Q

What precautions do you take to avoid eye injury

A
  1. Never look over the beaker/test tube

2. Wear protective eyewear give to you by your teacher as it has side shielding and other safety precautions

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10
Q

What symbol and shape = Caution

A

Yellow Triangle

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11
Q

What symbol and shape = Warning

A

Orange Diamond

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12
Q

What symbol and shape = Danger

A

Red Octagon

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13
Q

What does WHMIS stand for?

A

Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System

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14
Q

What does MSDS stand for?

A

Material Safety Data Sheet

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15
Q

What 3 things does the MSDS provide?

A
  • Information on the chemical/substance such as it’s physical properties
  • Info on how to handle the substance properly and how to dispose of it
  • Info on the physical and chemical hazards associated with the substance
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16
Q

What are the 10 physical properties to identify a substance?

A
  1. melting point/condensation point
  2. Boiling point/freezing point
  3. Ductility
  4. Malleability
  5. Crystal Formation
  6. Conductivity
  7. Magnetism
  8. Color/Odour
  9. State
  10. Solubility
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17
Q

What does magnetism mean?

A

The magnetic attraction between objects

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18
Q

What does Ductility mean

A

The ability to be stretched without breaking

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19
Q

What does malleability mean?

A

The ability to be pounded and rolled into sheets

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20
Q

What does solubility mean?

A

The ability to dissolve in a solvent

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21
Q

What do chemical properties do?

A

Describe the reactivity of a substance

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22
Q

What are the 7 chemical properties?

A
  1. Ability to burn
  2. Behavior in air
  3. Reaction to red/blue litmus paper
  4. Reaction to water
  5. Reaction to acids
  6. Reaction to heat
  7. Flashpoint
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23
Q

What does flashpoint mean?

A

The temperature needed to ignite a flame

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24
Q

Chemical properties are only observable if__________________________.

A

A chemical change occurs

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25
Q

What are the 2 pure mixtures?

A

Elements (cannot be broken down further) & Compounds (made up of 2 or more elements)

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26
Q

What are the 4 mixtures

A

Solution (Homogenous)
Mechanical Mixture (Heterogenous)
Suspension (Heterogenous)
Colloid (Heterogenous)

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27
Q

What is a solution?

A

The different substances are dissolved into one another, you can’t pick them out

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28
Q

What is a mechanical mixture?

A

You can visibly see and pick out all the things in a mechanical mixture

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29
Q

What is a colloid?

A

A suspension but the different substances are almost next to impossible to separate

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30
Q

What is a suspension?

A

A cloudy mixture in where small parts of one substance are held within another; the components are in different states

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31
Q

What is a chemical reaction?

A

When two or more substances combine/react chemically to form a new substance that has its own properties and traits

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32
Q

What is always released or absorbed during a chemical reaction?

A

Energy is always absorbed or released during a chemical reaction

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33
Q

All new substances made from a chemical reaction have their own 4 properties and they are:

A
  • Color
  • density
  • Melting Point
  • State at room temp
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34
Q

All reactions involve__________

A

The flow of energy

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35
Q

A chemical reaction can cause a phase change such as:

A
  1. Bubbles or condensation

2. A solid being more cloudy/ sublimation

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36
Q

What combines chemically with oxygen to form water

A

Hydrogen Gas

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37
Q

How do you know if a substance burned in a chemical change?

A

If it has combusted and emitted light, flame or heat

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38
Q

How do you know if a substance reacted with air in a chemical change?

A

If it has degraded, reacted or tarnished

39
Q

How do you know if a substance reacted with water in a chemical change?

A

If it has corroded or dissolved

40
Q

How do you know if a substance reacted with acids in a chemical change?

A

If there’s corrosion or a bubble formation

41
Q

How do you know if a substance reacted to heat in a chemical change?

A

If it melted or decomposed

42
Q

What is a model

A

A simplified approximation of reality

43
Q

What does Empirical Knowledge mean?

A

Observable knowledge like you can do experiments to prove it or by observing with your senses (operational); There’s evidence

44
Q

What does Theoretical Knowledge mean?

A

Explains/describes scientific observations (not observable) It’s conceptual, its a theory

45
Q

What does Interpretation mean?

A

Indirect form of knowledge that builds on an (idea) concept to further describe/explain an observation

46
Q

What is qualitative observation and give an example?

A

Describes qualities of matter or changes of matter ;

Changes in color, state, odor etc.

47
Q

What is quantitative observation and give an example?

A

Involves a quantity of matter that can be measured

mass, volume, moles etc.

48
Q

What is the definition of chemistry?

A

The science that deals with the structure and behavior of matter; understanding the nature of matter and changing matter in useful ways

49
Q

When a physical change occurs, the ________________________ will be different

A

physical property

50
Q

What does filtration separate?

A

A mechanical mixture; it separates a liquid from a solid

51
Q

What does distillation do?

A

It separates a solution (homogenous mixture)

52
Q

What does electrolysis do?

A

It breaks a compound apart

53
Q

What two things can you not put in the trash can in a lab?

A

Broke glass, chemicals and/or metal

54
Q

What plant was used by FN’s for medicine

A

Old man’s whiskers plant

55
Q

What did people begin to understand in early human history?

A

The relationship between temperature and states of matter

56
Q

What led to new ways of processing and using materials?

A

The discovery of fire and how to keep one going led to new ways of processing and using materials

57
Q

What are 5 examples of fire being useful in early days?

A
  • Ice turned to water and then to steam
  • Mud heated into bricks
  • Clay into ceramic
  • Sand into glass
  • Food: Tastier & delays spoiling
58
Q

What are 5 chemical & physical food preservation techniques?

A
  • Freezing
  • Heating
  • Drying
  • Chemical Preservation
  • Fermentation
59
Q

Heating food temporarily ____________________?

A

Sterilizes it

60
Q

What is sterilization and give an ex?

A

Any process that kills micro-organisms; canning involves heat sterilization followed by sealing in an o2 free atmosphere

61
Q

What does freezing do for food preservation?

A

The very low temp prevents the growth of micro-organisms that cause decay

62
Q

What is salting a method of and what does it do?

A

Its a method of preserving meat and fish; also a method of drying

It draws out the water from the meat and the organisms killing them/dormant

Salted meat was used by sailors

63
Q

What are 3 foods made by fermentation?

A

Pickled cabbage, wine & beer

64
Q

What does fermentation mean?

A

Biochemical preserving technique using a bacteria called lactobacilli

65
Q

What are 3 things lactobacilli does?

A
  • Makes food easier to digest & increases vitamins
  • Converts the starches and sugars of fruits & veggies into lactic acid; Lactic acid stops the growth of bacteria that causes food to rot
  • Lactobacilli is present on the surface of all living things
66
Q

What was a technique that slowed down the rotting process

A

Smoking food because it brings out antioxidants that slow the rotting process

67
Q

What does metallurgy mean?

A

The science of producing and using metals

68
Q

What were the only 5 known metals until 3000 B.C

A

Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead & Iron

69
Q

What was the most popular metal and why

A

Gold because it was soft and easy to use and always kept its luster no matter what

70
Q

What did they use to make tools and why not gold?

A

Gold was too soft, so they used copper

71
Q

Why could they not use copper for tools and weapons until it was heated?

A

Because unheated hammered copper was brittle and broke easily

72
Q

What does annealing mean?

A

The heating of copper before it is hammered

73
Q

What is smelting?

A

The process of separating metal from other elements in a compound by melting

74
Q

What does tin and copper form?

A

An alloy called bronze

75
Q

What is an alloy?

A

Any mixture of metals

76
Q

What metal made the strongest weapons and tools?

A

Bronze

77
Q

What produces steel?

A

Iron and carbon

78
Q

What did the production of iron tools revolutionize?

A

agriculture & weapons for warfare

79
Q

What did Aristotle believe?

A

That all matter was made from, earth, water, fire and air

80
Q

Who proposed the idea of atoms?

A

Democritus; Atomos mean indivisible

81
Q

What was alchemy?

A

A combination of science and magic

82
Q

What 3 advancements did alchemy make?

A
  • Procedures for making mineral acids
  • Developed & Improved lab equipment
  • Procedure for how to experiment
83
Q

Who discovered the law of conservation mass?

A

Antoine Lavoisier; mass is neither produced or lost during a chemical reaction

84
Q

Who concluded what about gases?

A

Robert Boyle concluded that gases are made up of tiny particles that group up together to form different substances

85
Q

In what order do the scientists make the discoveries?

A

John Dalton
J.J Thompson
Ernest Rutherford
Neil Bohr

86
Q

What does john dalton say?

A
  • matter is made of small indivisible tiny particles called atoms
  • Size & mass of atoms of same element same
  • Atoms of differ elements have differ properties
  • Atoms of diffr elements can combine in fixed ratios to form new substances
87
Q

What does J.J Thompson say and do?

A
  • An atom consists of one positive filled ball with electrons sprinkled in; the raisin bun/choco chip model
  • He used a cathode ray and beams of particles in a vacuum tube
88
Q

Who discovered the electron?

A

J.J Thompson

89
Q

How did J.J Thompson figure out it was an electron?

A

By adding an electrical field and using a magnetic field

90
Q

What did Ernest Rutherford discover and how?

A

He discovered the nucleus and did it by shooting positively charged particles (from a radioactive source incased in lead) at a thin sheet of gold foil

  • Negative electrons in space around nucleus (Positively charged core)
91
Q

What did Neils Bohr discover

A
  • Electrons circle the nucleus at a fixed distance with fixed energy
  • Energy exists in small units called quanta
  • Discovered the energy levels by observing the light hydrogen makes when made to glow in a tube
92
Q

What happens when atoms are heated?

A

When atoms are heated, bright lines called the line spectra appear

93
Q

How do electrons emit a particular color of light?

A

Based on the element the electron belongs to and the gaps emit the light when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower one

94
Q

What can we identify based of the light spectrum of the electrons

A

The energy levels in atoms for all the elements

AP Science 10 (8 decks)

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