Unit A.1 Science 10 Flashcards
What is methane hydrate made out of?
Ice and Methane (natural gas), the ice molecules “jail in” the methane molecules
How does methane hydrate form?
It forms under low temp and great pressure
Where is methane hydrate found?
Under the sea beds of continents and in the artic permafrost
What does methane hydrate produce when burned
Carbon Dioxide
What 2 molecules make up methane hydrate?
Hydrogen and Oxygen
What does safety depend on?
Awareness, knowledge & Action
What precautions do you take to avoid poisoning?
- Don’t eat anything in lab
2. Wash you hands regularly
What precautions do you take to avoid scalding?
- Keep far away when handling anything hot; keep out of reach of spill
- Inform others when transporting hot/dangerous stuff
- Use correct kind of tongs for lifting
What precautions do you take to avoid eye injury
- Never look over the beaker/test tube
2. Wear protective eyewear give to you by your teacher as it has side shielding and other safety precautions
What symbol and shape = Caution
Yellow Triangle
What symbol and shape = Warning
Orange Diamond
What symbol and shape = Danger
Red Octagon
What does WHMIS stand for?
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System
What does MSDS stand for?
Material Safety Data Sheet
What 3 things does the MSDS provide?
- Information on the chemical/substance such as it’s physical properties
- Info on how to handle the substance properly and how to dispose of it
- Info on the physical and chemical hazards associated with the substance
What are the 10 physical properties to identify a substance?
- melting point/condensation point
- Boiling point/freezing point
- Ductility
- Malleability
- Crystal Formation
- Conductivity
- Magnetism
- Color/Odour
- State
- Solubility
What does magnetism mean?
The magnetic attraction between objects
What does Ductility mean
The ability to be stretched without breaking
What does malleability mean?
The ability to be pounded and rolled into sheets
What does solubility mean?
The ability to dissolve in a solvent
What do chemical properties do?
Describe the reactivity of a substance
What are the 7 chemical properties?
- Ability to burn
- Behavior in air
- Reaction to red/blue litmus paper
- Reaction to water
- Reaction to acids
- Reaction to heat
- Flashpoint
What does flashpoint mean?
The temperature needed to ignite a flame
Chemical properties are only observable if__________________________.
A chemical change occurs
What are the 2 pure mixtures?
Elements (cannot be broken down further) & Compounds (made up of 2 or more elements)
What are the 4 mixtures
Solution (Homogenous)
Mechanical Mixture (Heterogenous)
Suspension (Heterogenous)
Colloid (Heterogenous)
What is a solution?
The different substances are dissolved into one another, you can’t pick them out
What is a mechanical mixture?
You can visibly see and pick out all the things in a mechanical mixture
What is a colloid?
A suspension but the different substances are almost next to impossible to separate
What is a suspension?
A cloudy mixture in where small parts of one substance are held within another; the components are in different states
What is a chemical reaction?
When two or more substances combine/react chemically to form a new substance that has its own properties and traits
What is always released or absorbed during a chemical reaction?
Energy is always absorbed or released during a chemical reaction
All new substances made from a chemical reaction have their own 4 properties and they are:
- Color
- density
- Melting Point
- State at room temp
All reactions involve__________
The flow of energy
A chemical reaction can cause a phase change such as:
- Bubbles or condensation
2. A solid being more cloudy/ sublimation
What combines chemically with oxygen to form water
Hydrogen Gas
How do you know if a substance burned in a chemical change?
If it has combusted and emitted light, flame or heat
How do you know if a substance reacted with air in a chemical change?
If it has degraded, reacted or tarnished
How do you know if a substance reacted with water in a chemical change?
If it has corroded or dissolved
How do you know if a substance reacted with acids in a chemical change?
If there’s corrosion or a bubble formation
How do you know if a substance reacted to heat in a chemical change?
If it melted or decomposed
What is a model
A simplified approximation of reality
What does Empirical Knowledge mean?
Observable knowledge like you can do experiments to prove it or by observing with your senses (operational); There’s evidence
What does Theoretical Knowledge mean?
Explains/describes scientific observations (not observable) It’s conceptual, its a theory
What does Interpretation mean?
Indirect form of knowledge that builds on an (idea) concept to further describe/explain an observation
What is qualitative observation and give an example?
Describes qualities of matter or changes of matter ;
Changes in color, state, odor etc.
What is quantitative observation and give an example?
Involves a quantity of matter that can be measured
mass, volume, moles etc.
What is the definition of chemistry?
The science that deals with the structure and behavior of matter; understanding the nature of matter and changing matter in useful ways
When a physical change occurs, the ________________________ will be different
physical property
What does filtration separate?
A mechanical mixture; it separates a liquid from a solid
What does distillation do?
It separates a solution (homogenous mixture)
What does electrolysis do?
It breaks a compound apart
What two things can you not put in the trash can in a lab?
Broke glass, chemicals and/or metal
What plant was used by FN’s for medicine
Old man’s whiskers plant
What did people begin to understand in early human history?
The relationship between temperature and states of matter
What led to new ways of processing and using materials?
The discovery of fire and how to keep one going led to new ways of processing and using materials
What are 5 examples of fire being useful in early days?
- Ice turned to water and then to steam
- Mud heated into bricks
- Clay into ceramic
- Sand into glass
- Food: Tastier & delays spoiling
What are 5 chemical & physical food preservation techniques?
- Freezing
- Heating
- Drying
- Chemical Preservation
- Fermentation
Heating food temporarily ____________________?
Sterilizes it
What is sterilization and give an ex?
Any process that kills micro-organisms; canning involves heat sterilization followed by sealing in an o2 free atmosphere
What does freezing do for food preservation?
The very low temp prevents the growth of micro-organisms that cause decay
What is salting a method of and what does it do?
Its a method of preserving meat and fish; also a method of drying
It draws out the water from the meat and the organisms killing them/dormant
Salted meat was used by sailors
What are 3 foods made by fermentation?
Pickled cabbage, wine & beer
What does fermentation mean?
Biochemical preserving technique using a bacteria called lactobacilli
What are 3 things lactobacilli does?
- Makes food easier to digest & increases vitamins
- Converts the starches and sugars of fruits & veggies into lactic acid; Lactic acid stops the growth of bacteria that causes food to rot
- Lactobacilli is present on the surface of all living things
What was a technique that slowed down the rotting process
Smoking food because it brings out antioxidants that slow the rotting process
What does metallurgy mean?
The science of producing and using metals
What were the only 5 known metals until 3000 B.C
Gold, Copper, Silver, Lead & Iron
What was the most popular metal and why
Gold because it was soft and easy to use and always kept its luster no matter what
What did they use to make tools and why not gold?
Gold was too soft, so they used copper
Why could they not use copper for tools and weapons until it was heated?
Because unheated hammered copper was brittle and broke easily
What does annealing mean?
The heating of copper before it is hammered
What is smelting?
The process of separating metal from other elements in a compound by melting
What does tin and copper form?
An alloy called bronze
What is an alloy?
Any mixture of metals
What metal made the strongest weapons and tools?
Bronze
What produces steel?
Iron and carbon
What did the production of iron tools revolutionize?
agriculture & weapons for warfare
What did Aristotle believe?
That all matter was made from, earth, water, fire and air
Who proposed the idea of atoms?
Democritus; Atomos mean indivisible
What was alchemy?
A combination of science and magic
What 3 advancements did alchemy make?
- Procedures for making mineral acids
- Developed & Improved lab equipment
- Procedure for how to experiment
Who discovered the law of conservation mass?
Antoine Lavoisier; mass is neither produced or lost during a chemical reaction
Who concluded what about gases?
Robert Boyle concluded that gases are made up of tiny particles that group up together to form different substances
In what order do the scientists make the discoveries?
John Dalton
J.J Thompson
Ernest Rutherford
Neil Bohr
What does john dalton say?
- matter is made of small indivisible tiny particles called atoms
- Size & mass of atoms of same element same
- Atoms of differ elements have differ properties
- Atoms of diffr elements can combine in fixed ratios to form new substances
What does J.J Thompson say and do?
- An atom consists of one positive filled ball with electrons sprinkled in; the raisin bun/choco chip model
- He used a cathode ray and beams of particles in a vacuum tube
Who discovered the electron?
J.J Thompson
How did J.J Thompson figure out it was an electron?
By adding an electrical field and using a magnetic field
What did Ernest Rutherford discover and how?
He discovered the nucleus and did it by shooting positively charged particles (from a radioactive source incased in lead) at a thin sheet of gold foil
- Negative electrons in space around nucleus (Positively charged core)
What did Neils Bohr discover
- Electrons circle the nucleus at a fixed distance with fixed energy
- Energy exists in small units called quanta
- Discovered the energy levels by observing the light hydrogen makes when made to glow in a tube
What happens when atoms are heated?
When atoms are heated, bright lines called the line spectra appear
How do electrons emit a particular color of light?
Based on the element the electron belongs to and the gaps emit the light when an electron jumps from a higher energy level to a lower one
What can we identify based of the light spectrum of the electrons
The energy levels in atoms for all the elements
