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Bio - 30 Reveiw > Unit A1 > Flashcards

Unit A1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe the organization of the CNS and PNS?

A

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is the part of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.

The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consists of all the nerves outside the CNS.

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2
Q

What is the difference between the Automatic Nervous System and the Somatic Nervous System?

A

Both parts of the PNS

SNS: Controls voluntary movements and delivers sensory info

ANS: Controls all involuntary movements & actions including reflexes

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3
Q

What is the difference between Motor and sensory-somatic

A

Parts of the SNS

Motor somatic: refers to nerves that transmit movements to skeletal muscles

Sensory Somatic: transmits sensory information from sensory receptors to the CNS.

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4
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems?

A

Parts of the ANS

Sympathetic: Flight or flight

Parasympathetic: Rest and Digest responses.

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5
Q

Lable a sensory Neuron.

A

Did you do it?

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6
Q

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A

To send signals from sensors to CNS.

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7
Q

Lable a Motor Neuron.

A

Did you do it?

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8
Q

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A

To deliver information to effectors.

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9
Q

Lable an interneuron.

A

Did you do it?

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10
Q

What is the function of an interneuron?

A

Connect sensory and motor signals up to, and down from the CNS.

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11
Q

What is the function of a cell body?

A

contains the nucleus and organelles, and it integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signals to the axon.

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12
Q

What is the function of dendrites?

A

receive electrical signals from other neurons and convey them towards the cell body.

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13
Q

What is the function of a axon?

A

Transmits electrical impulses

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14
Q

What is the function of Schwann Cells? Which nerves are they found?

A

Aid in nerve regeneration.

ONLY motor and sensory

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15
Q

What are Myelin Sheaths?

A

Fatty protien layers that increase speed of impulses.

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16
Q

What are Nodes of Ranvier?

A

Gaps where action potentials are created

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17
Q

What are axon terminals?

A

ends of the axon that releases neurotransmitters.

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18
Q

Why does the myelin sheat increase the speed of impulse transmission?

A

Instead of traveling continuously down the axon, the nerve impulse jumps from one node of Ranvier to the next. Increasing speed.

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19
Q

What helps repair axons? Is this on every nerve?

A

Schwann cells

No, its not on interneurons.

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20
Q

What is an action potential

A

An action potential is a rapid, temporary change in the electrical charge across a neuron’s membrane.

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21
Q

Define refractory period.

A

The time which a neuron cannot generate another action potential.

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22
Q

Lable a graph of the polarity of a neuron membrane. Include resting potential, action potential, hyperpolarization, and refractory period.

A

Did you do it.

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23
Q

Describe the All or nothing characteristic of a nerve impulse.

A

an action potential either occurs in its entirety once a threshold is reached, or it does not occur at all.

In addition, an increase in stimulus passed the threshold dosent change the size of it.

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24
Q

What is the threshold potential of a nerve impulse?

A

the energy potencial a stimulus has to reach to create a impulse.

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25
Q

Describe Hyperpolarization in terms of its inhibitory effect on a neuron.

A

By increasing the membrane potential beyond the resting level, it is less likely for the neuron to fire an action potential.

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26
Q

Do sodium ions move in or out during polarization, depolarization or repolarization?

A

Polarization: no flow
Depolarization: in
Repolarization: out

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27
Q

Do potassium ions move in or out during polarization, depolarization or repolarization

A

Polarization: no flow
Depolarization: no flow
Repolarization: out (then back in because of the na/k pump)

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28
Q

Do Sodium channels remain open or closed during polarization, depolarization or repolarization

A

Polarization: closed
Depolarization: open
Repolarization: closed

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29
Q

Do Potassium channels remain open or closed during polarization, depolarization or repolarization

A

Polarization: closed
Depolarization: closed
Repolarization: open

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30
Q

Does the sodium/potassium pump remain on or off during polarization, depolarization or repolarization

A

Polarization: on
Depolarization: slightly on
Repolarization: on

don’t need to know about slightly on and polarization on in detail.

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31
Q

What are the two ways to show the intensity of a stimulus?

A

Frequency of nerve impulses, and the amount of neurons firing.

32
Q

Describe a synapse.

A

The area between the nerves (empty space)

33
Q

Explain how acetylcholine is used to transmit a signal across the synapse.

A

When a nerve impulse reaches the axon terminal acetylcholine molecules in a bundle (called vesicles) are released into the synapse which binds to receptors that open chemically gated sodium channels—spreading the nerve impulse to the other neuron.

Note: this is for Acetylcholine and other excitatory neurotransmitters.

34
Q

What is the role of cholinesterase?

A

to break down acetylcholine on receptors which stops permanently open channels

35
Q

What is the difference between an excitatory neurotransmitter and an inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that promote depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane.

Inhibitory neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that promote hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane. (less impulses)

36
Q

Lable 2 diagrams of the brain. One shows the lobes of the cerebrum, and another shows the cerebrum, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata, hypothalamus, and spinal cord

A

Did you do it?

37
Q

What are the 4 different lobes of the cerebrum called?

A

Frontal, parietal, occipital & temporal

38
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

Controls voluntary movement and thought, as well as speech.

Frontal for needing focus

39
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Receives auditory information.

Tempral for tone

40
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Receives information around touch, temperature, taste, and pain.

Parietal lobe is P triple T

41
Q

What does the Occipital Lobe do?

A

Receives visual information.

Occipital for observe

42
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A
  1. Heart rate
  2. Breathing
  3. Swallowing

All autonomic functions

43
Q

What is the function of the Cerebellum?

A

coordinantes posture, reflexes and body movements.

44
Q

What is the function of pons?

A

Reyalys messages from cerebellum to cerebrum

45
Q

What is the function of the Hypothalamus?

A

Controls parts of the autonomic nervous system, basic drives and emotions, and the pituitary gland

46
Q

How would you determine if the Hypothalamus or the Medulla oblongata is impacted if the problem is the autonomic functions?

A

Only when either basic drives, emotions, or endocrine system is impacted is the problem associated with the Hypothalamus.

47
Q

What is the function of a spinal cord?

A

To carry signals from the brain to the rest of the body.

48
Q

What is the function of the Cerebrum.

A

Processes sensory information, and controls most concious thought.

49
Q

What is the homeostasis function of the autonomic nervous system

A

allows us to be prepared and efficiant for different situations.

for example, in flight or fight mode heart rate and metabolic rate increases. Where as in rest and digest it promotes energy storage and lower heart rate.

50
Q

Lable the reflex arc.

A

Did you do it.

51
Q

Lable the eye

A

Did you do it?

52
Q

When light hits the retina in one eye where does it go

A

It travels through the optic nerve to the opposite side of the occipital lobe

Left eye = right side of occipital lobe

53
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Thick outside layer.

Protects the eye.

54
Q

What is the cornea?

A

Front window.

Bends light into eye

55
Q

What is the choroid?

A

layer inside the eye that has blood vessles and black pigments

56
Q

What is the iris?

A

circular muscles that dialate or contract the pupil.

57
Q

what is the pupil?

A

the hole where light enters your eye

58
Q

What does the lens do?

A

Refracts light into the eye.

59
Q

what does the ciliary muscle do?

A

pulls on the lens to change it’s shape.

60
Q

What is the retina?

A

inner most layer of the eye

Contains rods and cones.

61
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

A small divit in the eye where the image focuses on.

(most amount of cones)

62
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

the nerve that carries the signals from the cones and rods.

63
Q

what is the blind spot?

A

The place where the optic nerve attaches.

(no rods and cones are present)

64
Q

Lable the Human ear.

A

Did you do it?

65
Q

What is the function of the Pinna?

A

Funnels sound into ear.

66
Q

What is the function of the auditory canal?

A

concentrates sound.

67
Q

What is the the ossicles?

A

little bones in the ear that strike the cochlea.

68
Q

What is the cochlea?

A

houses organs of Corti that takes different types of vibrations and converts them into nerve impulses.

69
Q

What is the function of the organ of corti?

A

the actual organ in the cochlea that uses hairs to convert a particular soundwave into a impulse.

70
Q

What is function of the Auditory nerve?

A

Carries nerve impulses to the opposite temporal lobe.

71
Q

What are the semicircular canals?

A

fluid filled chambers with hairs that detect physical movement.

72
Q

What is the function of the eustachain tube?

A

regulates air pressure inside of the ear.

73
Q

what is the function of the vestibule.

A

Uses the semicircular canals to detect movement.

74
Q

What are the 4 types of sensory receptors?

A

Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Mechanoreceptors
Thermoreceptors

75
Q

which processes are mechano recpetors found?

A

Hearing
and balance

the rest are chemoreceptors (other than eyes)

Bio - 30 Reveiw (3 decks)

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