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Psychology > UNIT 9: Social Psychology > Flashcards

UNIT 9: Social Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of how humans behave and interact with each other, mainly in specific situation.

Examines how we think about, influence, and relate to one another in certain situations.

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2
Q

Attribution Theory

A

We can explain someone’s behavior by crediting either their stable, enduring traits or the situation at hand.

We can credit (attribute) the behavior to the person’s stable, enduring traits (a dispositional attribution), or we can attribute it to the situation (a situational attribution).

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3
Q

Preipheral Rout Persuasion

A

This influences people the way of incidental cues like speaker’s physical attractivness or personal reliability.

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4
Q

Central Route Persuasion

A

Involves calling on basic thinking and reasoning to convince people.

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5
Q

Foot-In-The Door Phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to more readily comply with certain big request after they’ve first agreed to smaller more innocuous requests.

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6
Q

Situational Attribution (Dispositionism)

A

(not fair)
We blame or credit the situation with causing the behavior.

EXAMPLE: The sun was in my eyes.
The test was unfair.
Today is my lucky day :)

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7
Q

Dispositional Attribution (Situationism)

A

(It’s their fault) (victim blaming)
We blame or credit a relatively permanent trait of the person.

EXAMPLE: I’m a hard worker, she’s just lazy. That’s just how we are.

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8
Q

Outgroup homogeneity

A

Allows for all types of bias, prejudice, and discrimination.

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9
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

Tendency to overemphasize internal factors as attribution for behavior and underestimate the power of the situation.

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10
Q

Self-Serving Bias

A

Tendency for individuals to take credit by making dispositional or internal attribuations for positive outcomes and situational.

Protecting self-esteem
Avoid blaming ourselves

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11
Q

Just-World Hpothesis

A

The false idea that the world is fair.
Ideology common in the United States that people get the outcomes they deserve.

Can lead to victim blaming.

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12
Q

Conformity

A

When individuals change their behaviors to go along with the group even if they don’t agree with the group.

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13
Q

Fritz Heider (1958)

A

Proposed an attribution theory

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14
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

We overestimate the influence of personality and underestimate the influence of situations.

EXAMPLE: In class, Jack may be as quiet as Juliette. Catch Juliette as the lead in the high school musical and you may hardly recognize your quiet classmate.

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15
Q

Leon Festinger’s (1957)

A

Leon Festinger was one of the most important figures in modern psychology and contributed several theories that are still important today for our understanding of the communication process, particularly the individual’s exposure to communication and processes of opinion formation and judgment. (→ Cognitive Dissonance

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16
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

A situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. This produces a feeling of mental discomfort leading to an alteration in one of the attitudes, beliefs or behaviors to reduce the discomfort and restore balance.

FOR EXAMPLE: When we become aware that our attitudes and our actions don’t match, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

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17
Q

Norms

A

Rules for expected and acceptable behavior.

Norms prescribe “proper” behavior.

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18
Q

What do we call the tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal disposition?

A

Fundamental Attribution Error

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19
Q

Social Contagion

A

The spread of behaviors, attitudes, and affect through crowds and other types of social aggregates from one member to another.

EXAMPLE: You yawn because you saw someone else yawn.

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20
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting our behavior or thinking toward some group standard.

Conformity can be bad—leading people to agree with falsehoods or go along with bullying. Or it can be good—leading people to give more generously after observing others’ generosity.

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21
Q

Solomon Asch (1955)

A

Studied Conformity

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22
Q

Normative Social Influence

A

Influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

We are sensitive to social norms because the price we pay for being different can be severe. We need to belong. At other times, we conform because we want to be accurate.

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23
Q

Informational Social Influence.

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality.

When we accept others’ opinions about reality, as when reading online movie and restaurant reviews

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24
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to search for, interpret, favor, and recall information in a way that confirms or supports one’s prior beliefs or values.

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25
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

An individual’s expectations about another person or entity eventually result in the other person or entity acting in ways that confirm the expectations.

We’ll blame the situation if it doesn’t go accordingly.

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26
Q

False Consensus Effect

A

The belief that lots of people think the way we do, which allows us to keep using heuristics and tricks to continue in ways that benefit us.

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27
Q

Elaboration Likelihood Model

A

A theory that is based how much a person thinks about the relevant information in a persuasive argument.

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28
Q

Stanley Milgram (1933–1984)

A

This social psychologist’s obedience experiments “belong to the self-understanding of literate people in our age”

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29
Q

Milgram’s follow-up obedience experiment

A

In Milgram’s original experiment, participants took part in what they thought was a “learning task.” This task was designed to investigate how punishment—in this case in the form of electric shocks—affected learning. Volunteers thought they were participating in pairs, but their partner was in fact a confederate of the experimenter. A draw to determine who would be the “teacher” and who would be the “learner” was rigged; the true volunteer always ended up as the teacher and the confederate as the learner.

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30
Q

Social Facilitation

A

Improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

31
Q

Social Loafing

A

The perceived psychological phenomenon is that team members do less in a group setting.

The social loafing effect states that individuals don’t pull their own weight when they’re judged as part of a group.

It can diminish their feelings of responsibility

32
Q

Deindividuation

A

This process of losing self-awareness and self-restraint often occurs when group participation makes people both aroused and anonymous.

33
Q

Deindividuation

A

This process of losing self-awareness and self-restraint often occurs when group participation makes people both aroused and anonymous.

EXAMPLE: The anonymity of online discussion boards and blog comment sections can unleash mocking or cruel words. Online bullies, who would never say “You’re the ugliest person I know” to someone’s face, will hide behind their anonymity.

34
Q

Group Polarization

A

The tendency for a group to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members.

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

35
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

36
Q

Irving Janis (1982)

A

Studied the decision-making process leading to the ill-fated invasion.

37
Q

Culture Shock

A

An experience we get when we don’t understand what’s expected or accepted.

38
Q

Prejudice

A

Meaning “prejudgment.”

It is an unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group and its members—who often are people of a particular racial or ethnic group, gender, sexual orientation, or belief system.

39
Q

Stereotypes

A

Are generalized beliefs about a group of people. Our stereotypes sometimes reflect reality.

40
Q

Discriminate

A

To act in negative and unjustifiable ways toward members of the group.

41
Q

Ingroup

A

“us”—people with whom we share a common identity.

42
Q

Outgroup

A

“them”—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup.

43
Q

Ingroup Bias

A

The tendency to favor our own group.

44
Q

Outgroup Homogeneity

A

Is the perception of out-group members as more similar to one another than are in-group members.

EXAMPLE: “they are alike; we are diverse”

45
Q

Aggression

A

Is hostile (unfriendly) behavior toward another person or their interests,

46
Q

Passive Aggression

A

Is still aggression because the aggressor is still trying to harm by indirect means (withholding affection, not being “present”)

47
Q

William James

A

Suggests everything in our body serves a function, including and especially the amygdala.

48
Q

Scapegoating

A

Is blaming innocent person (or group) for faults of others.

The projection of blame by scapegoating is a form of anger and fear.

49
Q

Hostile Aggression

A

Is when causing physical or emotional harm is the goal.

More emotional.

50
Q

Instrumental Aggression

A

Is when aggression is a tool used to acquire what the aggressor desires.

More Cognitive. Premeditative Crime

51
Q

Superordinate Goal

A

The groups need each other to achieve the goal.

52
Q

Companionate Love

A

A type of attraction that is deeper than friendship. It has intimacy and commitment, but might not have or has lost the passionate aspect.

We are using intimacy as closeness. Knowing all your secrets.

EXAMPLE: Brother, Sister, BFF

53
Q

Passionate Love

A

This is one of the most people know about even if they haven’t experienced it.
Intimate and physical, but it doesn’t have commitment to longevity unless it evolves.

54
Q

Consummate

A

Passion, intimacy, and commitment. You can also draw a link to the idea of Maslow’s pyramid, where a relationship is actualized.

55
Q

Mere-Exposure Effect

A

People tend to develop an interest for things merely because they are familiar with them.

56
Q

Equity

A

A sense of fairness in the exchange of goods, services, time, and effort.

57
Q

Self-Disclosure

A

Sharing personal information – such as your thoughts, dreams, fears, goals, preferences, and experiences.

58
Q

Which of the following terms describes our geographic nearness to another person?

A

Proximity

59
Q

Over time, which of the following is typically true of the relationship between passionate love and companionate love?

A

Passionate love decreases.

Companionate love increases.

60
Q

Which of the following is the best term or phrase for the unselfish concern for the welfare of others?

A

Altruism

61
Q

Altruism

A

Behavior that benefits another individual at a cost to oneself.

EXAMPLE: Giving your lunch away is altruistic because it helps someone who is hungry, but at a cost of being hungry yourself.

62
Q

What do we call a situation in which the conflicting parties, by rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior?

A

Social Trap

63
Q

Social Trap

A

A short-term solution to a problem that ultimately causes a long-term loss.

64
Q

What do we call a belief that leads to its own fulfillment?

A

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

65
Q

Self-fulfilling Prophecy

A

Process through which an originally false expectation leads to its own confirmation.

EXAMPLE: A child who recently moved to a new school. If the child believes that he or she is awkward, unlikeable, or unpopular, they may also believe that they won’t be able to make any friends or that no one will be willing to sit with them during lunch. The strongly-held beliefs – whether they are initially true or not – affect the way the child acts when he or she enters the lunchroom. This may evoke an awkwardness or shyness in the child’s behavior that may not otherwise be apparent.

66
Q

The enhancement of a group’s prevailing tendencies occurs when people within a group discuss an idea that most of them either favor or oppose. What is this tendency called?

A

Group polarization

67
Q

Believing that your school is better than all the other schools in town is an example of what psychological concept?

A

Ingroup Bias

68
Q

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy is called

A

Aggression

69
Q

bystander effect

A

the greater the number of people present, the less likely people are to help a person in distress.

70
Q

social exchange theory

A

a person will weigh the cost of a social interaction (negative outcome) against the reward of that social interaction (positive outcome). These costs and rewards can be material, like money, time or a service.

71
Q

reciprocity norm

A

we repay in kind what another has done for us. It can be understood as the expectation that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits

72
Q

Mirror-image perception

A

the human tendency to see oneself (especially while in the throes of conflict) as the opposite of the person with whom they are having a conflict.

73
Q

The social responsibility norm

A

tells us that we should try to help others who need assistance, even without any expectation of future paybacks.

Psychology (8 decks)

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