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Psychology > Unit 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Structuralism

A

Describe the precise structure of our mental processes.

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2
Q

Functionalism

A

How our mental processes help us to function in our daily lives.

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3
Q

Gestalt psychologists

A

Studying how sensation and perception create a whole pattern that is greater than the sum of the individual components.

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4
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

The unconscious played an important role in controlling our day-to-day behaviors and thoughts.

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5
Q

Behaviorism

A

Behaviorists believe that all behaviors are the result of experience. Any person, regardless of his or her background.

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6
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

Focuses on the role of the unconscious. (for example, wishes and fears of which we’re not fully aware)

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7
Q

Humanistic Perspective

A

Emphasizes human potential and free will. (for example, utilizing abilities and talents, pursuing goals)

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8
Q

Biopsychology

A

Focuses on the biology underlying our behavior and thoughts.

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9
Q

Cognitive Perspective

A

Focuses on the thoughts themselves. How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

(For example, it’s concerned with “mental” functions such as memory, perception, attention, etc.)

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10
Q

Cognitive neuroscience

A

The purpose is to determine how the brain functions and achieves performance.

The marriage of cognitive psychology (the science of mind) and neuroscience (the science of brain)

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11
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Explores the role of social and cultural factors on our behaviors and thoughts.

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12
Q

Evolutionary

A

Psychologists attempt to explain behavior and thoughts in terms of their adaptive or “survival” qualities.

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13
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Treat serious psychological disorders, and can prescribe medication for their patients.

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14
Q

Psychoanalyst

A

A psychiatrist or psychologist who has received special training in Freud’s method of psychoanalysis.

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15
Q

Hypothesis

A

A statement about what you believe the actual answer is, testing your hypothesis, drawing a conclusion, and reporting your findings.

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16
Q

Replicate

A

Your findings can then be further strengthened if other researchers conduct a study and draw the same conclusions as you did.

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17
Q

Naturalistic observation

A

Provides a realistic picture of behavior

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18
Q

Observer bias

A

The researcher only sees what he or she wants to see.

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19
Q

Participant Observation

A

A researcher will disguise herself as an actual participant in order to reduce the observer effect.

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20
Q

Case study

A

Is a detailed investigation of one individual, or case.

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21
Q

Survey

A

Researchers asked a group of subjects a series of questions. Surveys allow researchers to gather a lot of information quickly.

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22
Q

Representative sample

A

Is one that accurately represents reflects, or “is like” your population?

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23
Q

Correlational method

A

A researcher interested in discovering the relationship between two variables would use it.

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24
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Tells the researcher the direction and strength of the relationship.

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25
Q

Experiment

A

The researcher manipulates a variable (the independent variable) and measures some responses from the participants (the variable).

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26
Q

Operational definition

A

A set of instructions that explains exactly how to measure the variable.

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27
Q

Independent variable

A

Is manipulated or changed by researchers, not by other variables in the experiment.

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28
Q

Dependent variable

A

The variable that is being measured or tested in an experiment.

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29
Q

Experimental group

A

Group of participants who are exposed to the independent variable. These participants receive or are exposed to the treatment variable.

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30
Q

Control group

A

Composed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment.

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31
Q

Placebo effect

A

The participant’s expectations actually influence the results of the experiment.

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32
Q

Single-blind study

A

The subjects are not told which group they are in

33
Q

Experimenter effect

A

the influence that scientists who conduct an experiment has on the performance of participants and the interpretation of the results.

34
Q

Double-blind study

A

The studies are often designed so that neither the participants nor the experimenter knows who is in what group

35
Q

Critical thinking

A

(1) most truths need to be tested, (2) all evidence is not equal, (3) authorities are not always right, and (4) an open mind is still important.

36
Q

Define “Psychology”

A

“the science of mental life.”

37
Q

Humility

A

An awareness of our own vulnerability to error and an openness to new perspectives.

What matters is not my opinion or yours, but the truths revealed by our questioning and testing.

38
Q

Critical Thinking

A

The scientific attitude—curiosity + skepticism + humility—prepares us to think harder and smarter.

39
Q

Critical Thinking

A

The scientific attitude—curiosity + skepticism + humility—prepares us to think harder and smarter.

40
Q

What did the philosopher-teacher Socrates (469–399 b.c.e.) and his student Plato (428–348 b.c.e.) conclude?

A

concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies and that knowledge is innate—born within us.

41
Q

Aristotle (384–322 b.c.e.)

A

An intellectual ancestor of today’s scientists, Aristotle derived principles from careful observations.

He said knowledge is not preexisting (sorry, Socrates and Plato); instead it grows from the experiences stored in our memories.

42
Q

Francis Bacon (1561–1626)

A

Became one of the founders of modern science, and his influence lingers in the experiments of today’s psychological science.

43
Q

John Locke (1632–1704)

A

a British political philosopher, sat down to write a one-page essay on “our own abilities” for an upcoming discussion with friends soon to become history’s greatest late papers (An Essay Concerning Human Understanding).

In it he famously argued that the mind at birth is a tabula rasa—a “blank slate”—on which experience writes.

44
Q

Empiricism

A

The idea that what we know comes from experience, and that observation and experimentation enable scientific knowledge.

45
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Studied Introspection
He used a method called introspection to help see the difference between our physical sensations and our cognitive perception of these sensations.

46
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

introduced structuralism

Titchener used introspection to search for the mind’s structural elements.

47
Q

William James

A

Philosopher-psychologist; A functionalist
Father of American Psychology

James assumed that thinking, like the smell, developed because it was adaptive—it helped our ancestors survive and reproduce. Consciousness serves a function.

48
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins (1863–1930)

A

The first woman to be president of the American Psychological Association.

49
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn (1871–1939)

A

The first woman to receive a psychology Ph.D., Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Animal Mind (1908).

50
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

The view is that psychology should be an objective science.

How we learn observable responses

51
Q

John B. Watson

A

A behaviorist; Popularized the scientific theory of behaviorism, establishing it as a psychological school.

52
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

A behaviorist; He studied the phenomenon of operant conditioning in the eponymous Skinner Box

53
Q

Psychoanalytic Psychology

A

The ways our unconscious mind and childhood experiences affect our behavior.

54
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founder of Psychoanalytic Psychology; an Austrian neurologist

55
Q

Humanistic Psychologists

A

Focused on our potential for personal growth.

56
Q

Carl Rogers

A

A humanist;

He developed the person-centered, also known as the client-centered, approach to psychotherapy and developed the concept of unconditional positive regard while pioneering the field of clinical psychological research.

57
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

A humanist; Best known for creating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

58
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Pioneered the study of learning; A Russian physiologist

59
Q

Jean Piaget

A

The last century’s most influential observer of children; A Swiss biologist.

60
Q

Nature–nurture issue

A

The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today’s science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture.

61
Q

Evolutionary Psychology

A

The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection.

EXAMPLE: Birds use different memory systems and different rules for remembering species songs, the taste of poisonous food, and locations of food caches.

62
Q

Culture

A

Our culture shapes our behavior.

63
Q

Positive Psychology

A

Uses scientific methods to explore the building of a “good life” that engages our skills and a “meaningful life” that points beyond ourselves.

64
Q

Biopsychosocial Approach

A

The biological, psychological, and social-cultural viewpoints form an integrated

65
Q

Biological Perspective

A

How the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences; how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

66
Q

Evolutionary Perspective

A

How the natural selection of traits has promoted the survival of genes

67
Q

Psychodynamic Perspective

A

How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

68
Q

Social-Cultural Perspective

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

69
Q

What is the SQ3R study system stand for?

A

Is an acronym for its five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve,2 Review.

70
Q

Psychometrics

A

Devoted to studying the measurement of our abilities, attitudes, and traits.

71
Q

Developmental Psychologists

A

Studying our changing abilities from womb to tomb.

72
Q

Educational Psychologists

A

Studying influences on teaching and learning.

73
Q

Personality Psychologists

A

Investigating our persistent traits.

74
Q

Social Psychologists

A

Exploring how we view and affect one another.

75
Q

Counseling psychologists

A

Help people to cope with challenges and crises (including academic, vocational, and relationship issues) and to improve their personal and social functioning.

76
Q

Clinical psychologists

A

Assess and treat people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders.

77
Q

Psychiatrists

A

Are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders.

78
Q

Dorothea Dix

A

19th century activist who drastically changed the medical field during her lifetime;

79
Q

Community Psychologists

A

Work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all.

Psychology (8 decks)

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