Unit 9 - Nutrients Flashcards
What are 6 nutrients needed in every animal’s diet?
- Energy-producing nutrients:
-Lipids (fat)
-Carbohydrates
-Proteins - Non-energy-producing nutrients:
-Vitamins
-Minerals
-Water
On what percentage of animals’ total body water, they can die?
10 – 15% of its total body water
What are the 5 funcions of water for animals?
- Transport medium – Transports intra- and extra-cellular material as well as waste materials out of the body.
- Chemical reactions – Essential in several reactions, including enzyme reactions.
- Lubrication – Acts as a lubricant in joints (the main constituent of synovial fluid).
- Sound transmission – The fluid in the ear that transports sound to the nerves is
largely made up of water. - Regulation of temperature – The high specific heat property of water is essential
to maintain an animals’ body temperature.
What are the two ways of maintaining normal body temperature?
Perspiring 流汗and panting喘氣
What kind of food animals eat can fulfill most of their requirement for water from food?
canned food
how to calculate their daily water intake?
WATER GAINS
Drinking water Intake with food Metabolic water
should equal
WATER LOSSES
Urination
Defecation
Respiration, perspiration, lactation哺乳, reproduction
Under what situation, they need more water?
During pregnancy, lactation, illness and old age, intake must be modified to meet changing energy requirements.
What is gross energy?
The amount of energy utilized by an animal
metabolized energy
some of the kCal taken in by an animal is lost in both feces and urine, and the amount left over is used by the animal to fulfill its energy requirements
example of gross energy and metabolixable energy
the animal ingests food (gross energy)
what is indigestible is lost in the feces (indigestible energy)
some energy is lost in the urine (metabolizable energy)
the remaining energy is utilized by the body (metabolizable energy)
What are the Factors Affecting Efficiency of Energy Use?
- Water content – there must be adequate water intake for proper digestion and absorption of food and, therefore, absorption of energy.
- Digestibility – energy must be in a form that the animal is able to digest and absorb; otherwise, it is of little use.
- Parasites – if the animal has a parasite infestation, it will require increased amounts of energy.
- Production – if the animal is pregnant, its energy needs increase to aid fetal growth and promote milk production.
- Size of Animal – smaller animals require more energy per pound of body weight than large dogs do
- Environmental temperature – animals are much more efficient at converting energy when they are in their temperature ‘comfort zone’. When in extremely cold or extremely hot environments, their energy conversion efficiency is very poor.
What do proteins comprised of?
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What is the Basic Unit of Protein and how many types of it does protein have?
amino acid; 23 primary amino acids dived into 2 groups: Non-essential and essential amino acids
What will excess protein do to animals?
Excess protein is broken down into ammonia which, being toxic to the animal, is quickly converted to urea. This conversion is performed mostly by the liver. The urea is excreted through the kidneys.
How much protein do cats and dogs need?
The cat’s protein requirements are higher than that of the dog. Cats do not utilize carbohydrates as well as dogs do.
How to formulate a diet?
Biological Value. Both plant and animal-based proteins can have high biological values (eg. Soybeans contains 72% of EAA’s, while beef has 74.5%). Eggs have a BV of 100, meaning that egg protein is 100% useable in the cat or dog.
What are the causes of Protein deficiency?
An inadequate intake of protein
A result of insufficient food intake
Poor-quality protein
Inadequate energy from other sources in the diet so that the protein has
to be used for that purpose
Inability to digest or absorb protein
Excessive protein loss from the body (e.g. from burns)
What is Arginine Deficiency 精氨酸缺乏症 and what are the causes?
-more severe in cat than dog
-build-up of ammonia in the body can quickly reach a toxic level. Symptoms include emesis, ataxia and hyperesthesia, animal can fall into a coma and die within a few hours of eating a food that is arginine-deficient.
- it is more often seen in animals fed scraps残羹剩饭.
Taurine Deficiency 牛磺酸不足
taurine is only essential for the cat
- Feline Central Retinal Degeneration (FCRD) 猫中央视网膜变性
-. Degeneration usually occurs after 5 to 7 months of feeding a taurine-deficient diet
Cardiomyopathy 心肌症
lack of taurine
how much more times of food energy does lipids provide?
Lipid (fat) is the most concentrated source of energy, supplying two and a quarter times more food energy than either protein or carbohydrate
Whats the differences between oils and lipids?
Oils
a. Are a liquid at room temperature
b. Are unsaturated
c. Are usually derived from a plant source
- Lipids (fats)
a. Are solid at room temperature
b. Are saturated
c. Are usually animal based
What are the essential fatty acids?
- Linoleic – Main sources are from vegetables, including corn and soybeans.
- Arachidonic – Found in animal fats, as well as fish.
- Linolenic – Can be synthesized (by both dog and cat) if there is sufficient dietary linoleic acid and arachidonic acid.
What is the role of the high-fat diet?
when the animal has met its energy needs, it has also consumed enough of all the other nutrients; otherwise, other deficiencies will occur.
Problems Caused by Excess Dietary Fat
-can be detrimental by causing weight gain that leads to obesity
-Increased fat can lead to fatty stools (steatorrhoea脂肪腹泻) and diarrhea
-Pancreatitis 胰線炎
What is Oxidation of the fat?
In diets high in polyunsaturated fats, if the quantity of vitamin E is not increased as well, there is a possibility of oxidation of the fat.
What is Fatty acid deficiency?
food that is low in fat or food that has been improperly stored, in which the fat has oxidized.
Deficiencies can lead to pancreatitis and malabsorption吸收障碍
What is Pansteatitis?
Pansteatitis 全身性脂肪炎：一种影响动物（尤其是鱼类和鳄鱼）的疾病，表现为全身性的脂肪组织炎症。
-Also known as yellow fat disease, pansteatitis is caused by feeding a diet which is high in fat but contains inadequate amounts of antioxidants.
The end result is a discolouration in the animal’s body fat: the adipose tissue can appear yellow, brown or orange.
Fatty Liver Disease
fatty liver disease is more commonly seen in cats.
the large amount of fat which is transported to the liver to be oxidized ends up being toxic to the liver cells (hepatocytes).
What is the treatment for fatty liver disease?
Ideal treatment of this problem is tube feeding a diet high in carbohydrates and proteins.
Maldigestion/Malabsorption
消化不良、吸收不良
-lack of digestive enzymes or an inability to use them, resulting in the nutrients passing through the digestive tract undigested.
- gastrointestinal tract are not able to absorb the nutrients and molecules are excreted, and then result in deficiency
Diabetes Mellitus
糖尿病
In dogs, this form of diabetes is caused by a lack of insulin, it is similar to Type 1 Diabetes in people.
In cats, they tend to still produce insulin, but they have a decreased sensitivity to it, similar to Type 2 Diabetes in humans.
Ketosis and why does it show on dairy cows usually?
After calving, the dairy cow’s requirement for carbohydrates greatly increases because of the need to produce milk. The sugar found in milk is galactose; the cow must receive sufficient carbohydrates for milk production as well as to meet her own needs. If she is not receiving enough glucose in her diet, her body resorts to using lipids for glucose production. As in diabetes, fat is oxidized in the liver and ketones are produced.
CARBOHYDRATES
monosaccharide 單糖 and polysaccharides 雙糖
triglyceride
甘油三酯
any excess which can be stored as glycogen is then formed into triglyceride. Triglyceride is body fat and is not as readily available as an energy source
What are the differences of carbohydrates in cat and dog?
The cat’s need for carbohydrates is lower than the dog’s, and cats do not have the same degree of carbohydrate digestion.
Differences between starch and dietary fibre?
two types of polysaccharides contain dissimilar bonds connecting the glucose units
Benefits of Dietary Fibre
- Dietary fibre adds ‘bulk’ to a diet. – add fibre, thus making an animal feel full
- overall intestinal health. – Fibre in the diet can have an enormous effect on gastrointestinal motility and ‘emptying’ time
- colonic health - In herbivores, this type of fibre is used as an energy source, since bacterial fermentation releases short-chain fatty acids (SCFA’s).
the SCFAs released are useful in recovery of water and minerals by the colon for dogs and cats.
What are the two groups of minerals?
Macro-minerals - Are required in fairly large quantities
- Measured by percentage (%)
2. Micro-minerals - Also required, but in very small quantities
- Measured by parts per million (ppm)
What are macro-minerals?
-Magnesium
-Potassium
-Sodium and Chloride
What are Micro-minerals?
-Iron
-Zinc
-Copper
-Manganese
-Iodine
-Selenium
-Cobalt
What are the two types of vitamins?
Fat-soluble – including A, D, E and K
Water-soluble – including the B complex vitamins and vitamin C
