Unit 8-Digestive Systems

Question 1

What are the 4 types of digestive tracts?

Answer 1

1. Monogastric: cats, dogs
2. Ruminant: cattle, sheep
3. Caeca:l horses, rabbits
4. Avian: poultry, pet birds

Question 2

Each system contains a digestive tube consisting of:

Answer 2

 mouth
 esophagus
 stomach
 small intestines  large intestines
 anus

Question 3

Two methods in stomach digestion?

Answer 3

1. Mechanicall, by strong muscular contractions to break down food into smaller particles.
2. Chemical breaking down food particles

Question 4

What are teh four Stomach Secretion which comprise gastric juice?

Answer 4

• enzymes
• mucous
• hydrochloric acid (盐酸：一种强腐蚀性刺激性酸，通常以稀释形式存在于胃液中)
• Gastrin

Question 5

Secretions occure in which 3 phases?

Answer 5

Cephalic phase (sight of smell of food, Gastric phase (digestion), intestinal phase (absorbtion)

Question 6

What are the 3 regions of small intestines?

Answer 6

• the duodenum 十二指腸
  -the jejunum 空腸
  -the ileum 回腸

Question 7

What is a semi-fluid acidic pulp after food entering the samll intestines?

Answer 7

Chyme 食糜（食物经胃液消化后变成的浆状物）；半流体的消化物

Question 8

What does pancreas secrete into the digestive system?

Answer 8

-exocrine cells produce enzymes and sodium bicarbonate
- endocrine cells produce hormones insulin and glucagon 胰增血糖素

Question 9

What does Sodium bicarbonate do?

Answer 9

Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes the acidity of chyme that passes from the stomach, which creates a substance that can effectively pass through the intestines, but also for establishing an environment in which pancreatic and intestinal enzymes can function.

Question 10

What does liver do in the digestive process?

Answer 10

-detoxification of some poisons
-formation and storage of glycogen, and
-formation of urea from the catabolism (breakdown) of uric acid.

Question 11

Does the liver aids in the digestion of fat by the formation of bile?

Answer 11

Yes

Question 12

What does bile contain and what does it do?

Answer 12

-bile salts
-cholesterol
-lecithin 蛋黄素
-bile pigments

The function of bile is to aid in the digestion of fat, as well as to assist in the action of the enzyme lipase (fat分解脂肪酶).

Question 13

What does bile do when fat enters the duodenum?

Answer 13

When fat enters the duodenum, it tends to clump together, forming large, insoluble compounds. Bile separates these groups into smaller droplets of fat which can be further degraded by the enzyme lipase.

Question 14

What are the movements of Chyme in the small intestines?

Answer 14

1. Rhythmic segmentation 有节奏的分割
2. peristalsis 蠕動: propel the food

Question 15

Where is the majority of digestion and absorption complete?

Answer 15

The majority of digestion is accomplished in the duodenal area, while most absorption is completed in the jejunum and ileum. 空肠和回肠, with 50% occurring in the jejunum and 40% in the ileum. The final 10% is mopped up by the colon.

Question 16

What are the large intestines?

Answer 16

-caecum 盲肠 (blind-sac near attachment of ileum and colon)
-colon 大腸
-rectum 直肠

Question 17

what are the ruminant animals?

Answer 17

cows and sheeps

Question 18

The ruminant stomach consists of 4 separate compartments:

Answer 18

-rumen
- reticulum
- omasum
- abomasum
瘤胃、网胃、瓣胃、皱胃

Question 19

which animals has caecal disgestive system?

Answer 19

Horse and rabbit

Question 20

How do horses digest grass?

Answer 20

horses use microbial fermentation in a part of the digestive system known as the cecum (or caecum) to break down the cellulose.

Question 21

How do avian digest food?

Answer 21

Inside a bird’s stomach, food is bathed in digestive juices and then passes into a special muscular organ called the gizzard. This grinds it down into smaller pieces for easy digestion.

Question 22

What does esophageal groove do?

Answer 22

In young calves who are ingesting only milk, there is a feature of the stomach that enables milk to bypass the rumen and travel directly from the esophagus to the omasum. This is called the esophageal groove and is formed by two muscular folds which, when stimulated, have the ability to form a tube-like structure.