Unit 9 Lab Manual Flashcards
What is the term for fragmentation of a cell nucleus?
Karyorrhexis
What term describes tumors of epithelial cell origin?
Carcinoma
What is a tumor arising from melanocytes called?
Melanoma
What term is used to describe a tumor or growth that is not malignant?
Benign
What is the term for paracentesis of the abdomen?
Abdominocentesis
What is the procedure for removal of fluid from the thoracic cavity called?
Thoracocentesis
What is the generic term to describe any growth, which may be malignant or benign?
Neoplasia
What type of cancer arises from cells of the connective tissues?
Sarcoma
What characterizes an effusion with low protein concentration and low total nucleated cell counts?
Transudate
What does the act of puncturing a body cavity or organ with a hollow needle to draw out fluid refer to?
Centesis
How do epithelial cell tumors usually exfoliate?
In clumps/sheets and are highly cellular
How do mesenchymal tumors typically exfoliate?
Singularly or in wispy spindles
What is the exfoliation pattern of discrete round cell tumors?
Exfoliate very well, usually not in clumps or clusters
What cell types may be present in vaginal cytology samples?
- Neutrophils
- Erythrocytes
- Epithelial (squamous, non-cornified)
- Cornified
- Small basal cells
- Bacteria
What evaluations are performed on semen samples?
- Gross appearance
- Volume of ejaculate
- Microscopic motility
- Sperm concentration
- Live-to-dead ratio
- Morphology
- Foreign material or cells present
How long should prepared cytology slides remain in fixative before staining?
2 – 5 minutes
What total nucleated cell counts (TNCCs) indicate inflammation in fluid samples?
Greater than 5000 mL
What characterizes suppurative inflammation?
Presence of greater than 85 percent of the TNCC
What does karyolysis look like?
A nucleus that appears swollen and ragged without an intact nuclear membrane and with reduced staining intensity
What does pyknosis represent?
Slow cell death (aging) with a small, condensed, dark nucleus
What describes hyperplasia with no criteria of malignancy present?
Benign
How many abnormal nuclear configurations indicate a malignant cell?
At least three
What are epithelial cell tumors also referred to as?
Carcinoma or adenocarcinoma
What are mesenchymal cell tumors also known as?
Sarcomas
When is a cytology sample classified as granulomatous or pyogranulomatous?
When greater than 15% of the sample is composed of macrophages
What indicates a plasma cell tumor in a sample?
Presence of large numbers of cells with an eccentrically located nucleus and prominent clear zone
What organisms are commonly isolated from ear swabs and may not indicate pathology?
- Yeasts
- Squamous epithelial cells
- Malassezia organisms
What is the predominant cell type in a normal lymph node?
Small, mature lymphocyte
What describes epithelial cells that are angular in appearance and have no nuclei?
Cornified epithelial cells
What do reactive lymph nodes contain predominantly?
- Small, mature lymphocytes
- Plasma cells
- Lymphoblasts
- Intermediate lymphocytes
What are plasma cells containing secretory vesicles of immunoglobulin called?
Mott cell
What do mesothelial cells line?
Body cavities
What describes a fluid sample with high fat content and large number of mature lymphocytes?
Chylous
What is the normal nucleated cell count for peritoneal and pleural fluids?
Less than 10,000 nucleated cells/uL
List the nuclear criteria of malignancy.
- Anisokaryosis
- Pleomorphism
- Increased mitotic activity
- Nuclear molding
- Multinucleation
- Coarse chromatin pattern
- High/variable nucleus to cytoplasm ratio
What does centesis refer to?
Using a needle to draw out fluid from a body cavity or organ
Define pleomorphism.
Something that takes a variety of shapes and forms or that has multiple morphologies
What is exudate?
Fluid accumulation that results from inflammatory processes
What is anisokaryosis?
Variation in the size of the nuclei of cells in a sample
What does wave motion assess in sperm?
The gross motility of sperm
What must be done to swabs before collecting samples unless from a moist lesion?
Moisten with saline or water
What is making multiple imprints from different layers of an external lesion called?
Tzanck preparation
How should slabs of tissue be placed for adequate fixation?
In fluid-tight jars containing formalin approximately 10 times the specimen’s volume
What is the starfish smear technique also known as?
Needle spread technique
What technique should be used for samples with low cellularity and small volume?
Line smear technique
What characterizes transudate?
- Large amount of fluid
- Clear colorless or red tinged
- Protein <3.0g/dL
- TNCC <1500/uL
- Cell types: mixture of monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, and mesothelial cells
What characterizes exudate?
- Variable amount of fluid
- Turbid, white, or slightly yellow
- Protein >3.0g/dL
- TNCC >5000/uL
- Cell types: inflammatory, neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils
What defines modified transudate?
- Variable amount of fluid
- Color is variable; usually clear
- Protein 2.5-7.5g/dL
- TNCC 1000-7000/uL
- Cell types: lymphocytes, nondegenerate neutrophils, mesothelial cells, macrophages, and neoplastic cells
