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Micro 3010 > Unit 9 - Epidemiological Considerations > Flashcards

Unit 9 - Epidemiological Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

Branch of medicine studying populations, not individuals. It studies patterns, outbreaks, causes and effects of diseases. Studies occurrence, spread, and control of diseases.

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2
Q

Diseases with longer incubation time are _____ to control

A

harder

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3
Q

Infection

A

Presence of an infectious organism in an individual or population

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4
Q

Disease

A

Detectable clinical consequence of infection

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5
Q

Incubation time

A

Time interval between exposure to infection and appearance of disease

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6
Q

Infectious

A

Infected person capable of transmutation infection to others

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7
Q

Transmission

A

Spread of infection

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8
Q

Symptoms

A

What the patient feels (ex. pain, malaise, etc). Symptoms are subjective and can change

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9
Q

Sign

A

Objective and concrete. Can be measured through direct observation

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10
Q

List the 3 Classifications of microbial diseases

A

1) Communicable
2) Contagious
3) Non-communicable

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11
Q

Define “Communicable” microbial diseases

A
  • Spread from one individual to another
  • Direct or indirect spread

Ex. gonorrhoea, chicken pox, measles, mumps

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12
Q

Define “Contagious” microbial diseases

A

-Easily spread

Ex. chicken pox, measles

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13
Q

Define “Non-communicable” microbial diseases

A

-Not spread through individuals

Ex. tetanus

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14
Q

Describe time periods of infections

A

Susceptible
Latent period
Infectious period
Non-infectious period

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15
Q

Describe time period of infectious diseases

A

Susceptible
Incubation period
Symptomatic period
Non-disease period

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16
Q

What does generation time = ?

A

latent period + infectious period

17
Q

List the 4 classifications of microbial diseases

A
  • Endemic disease
  • Sporadic
  • Epidemic
  • Pandemic
18
Q

Endemic disease

A

Constant and ongoing disease in a certain geographical region or affecting a certain race/ethnicity

19
Q

Sporadic diseases

A

Diseases that occur in the apparent absence of any environmental or inherited cause

20
Q

Epidemic disease

A

Occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people.

21
Q

Pandemic disease

A

global disease outbreak (like an epidemic but affects a much larger group of people, either a whole continent or bigger)

22
Q

Microbial diseases can either be Acute, Chronic, or Latent:

Describe Acute

A

Rapidly developing with short duration

ex. influenza

23
Q

Microbial diseases can either be Acute, Chronic, or Latent:

Describe Chronic

A
  • Usually develop from chronic infections
  • Slow to develop with continual duration

ex. tuberculosis

24
Q

Microbial diseases can either be Acute, Chronic, or Latent:

Describe Latent

A

latent = silent

  • Inactivated for certain periods of time
    ex. chicken pox/shingles
25
Q

List the types of epidemiological studies

A

1) Cross-sectional studies
2) Case-control study
3) Cohort study
4) Intervention study

26
Q

Describe cross-sectional studies

A

ex. HBV

- Outcome and exposure are determined at the same time

27
Q

Describe a case control study

A

ex. HPV

- Cases with the outcome and controls without the outcome are identified and their exposure status determined.

28
Q

Describe a cohort study

A

ex. HHV + HIV = Kaposi sarcoma

  • Individuals with and without the exposure are identified and followed until they develop the outcome or until study end
  • Individuals are grouped into exposed and unexposed
29
Q

Describe an intervention study

A

-Randomized trials

  • Individuals are allocated an intervention and are followed until they develop the outcome of until study end
  • Individuals without disease and exposure are allocated an intervention (exposure) at random
30
Q

Outbreaks can be _____ or _______

A

local or widespread

31
Q

Epidemiological studies: ______ not individual

A

population

32
Q

Epidemiological studies are ______/_______

A

observational/interventional

33
Q

Prevalence

A

number of existing cases in a population at a given point in time

Micro 3010 (20 decks)

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