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Micro 3010 > Unit 2 - Adaptive Immune System > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Adaptive Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptive Immune system has _____ and _____.

A

specificity

memory

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2
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immunity?

A

1) Antibody-mediated (B-cell)

2) Cell-mediated (T-cell)

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3
Q

______ = antibody generator

A

antigen

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4
Q

Define antigen

A

Any molecule that reacts specifically with Ab or Ag receptor on lymphocyte
**Doesn’t necessarily induce IR

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5
Q

Define immunogen

A

Antigen that can induce IR

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6
Q

_______________ = relative ability of AG to elicit IR

A

antigenic/immunogenic

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7
Q

Antigenic determinant = ______

A

epitopes

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8
Q

What are epitopes?

A

part of antigen that the antibody recognizes and binds to

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9
Q

_____ = main immune cell

A

Antibody

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10
Q

Antibodies are produced by ______

A

B-cells (B-lymphocytes)

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11
Q

Where are antibodies developed?

A

bursa of bird, bone marrow of humans

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12
Q

Antibodies are __-shaped

A

Y

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13
Q

Some B cells form ____ cells

A

memory

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14
Q

Describe the Antibody structure

A

Y-shaped
top of Y = Fab region (2 identical arms)
bottom of Y = Fc region (1 stem)

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15
Q

Antibody structure:

Arms bind to ??

A

specific antigen

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16
Q

Antibody structure:

What does the stem do?

A

tags antigen for destruction by other immune system components

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17
Q

Antibody structure:

Antibodies have a ____ and a ____ chain

A

light and heavy

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18
Q

Antibody structure:

2 types of light chains

A

lambda
kappa
*both light chains are identical

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19
Q

Antibody structure:

5 types of heavy chains

A 
IgM = mu
IgG = gamma
IgA = alpha
IgD = delta
IgE = epsilon
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20
Q 
Types of antibodies:
\_\_\_\_:
-can cross placenta
-makes up 75% of immunoglobulins
-most prevalent
-secondary response
-opsonization (enhances phagocytosis)
-neutralizes viruses and toxins
A

IgG

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21
Q

Types of antibodies:
____:
-monomeric when attached to B cell surface as a receptor
-pentameric in serum, 5 monomers held together by a J chain
-primary response

A

IgM

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22
Q

Types of antibodies:
____:
-unknown function
-monomeric form
-found in serum and on B cell surface as receptor
-very low amounts
-may be backup in case IgG not functioning

A

IgD

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23
Q

Types of antibodies:
____:
-primary antibody produced by cells of the mucous membranes
-low amount and monomeric form in serum
-dimeric in secretions (more stable in dimeric form)
-neutralizes bacteria and viruses by preventing them from attacking to mucous membranes
-passive immunity for baby from mom (FOUND IN BREAST MILK)

A

IgA

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24
Q

Types of antibodies:
____:
-found in mast cells and basophils
-low levels in serum
-Ag receptors on mast cells (tissues) and basophils (blood)
-functions include anaphylactic and hypersensitivity

A

IgE

25
Q

Give a super quick summary of the Antibody types

A

IgG - crosses placenta, opsonization, secondary response
IgM - primary response, strongest in serum
IgD - unknown function
IgA - mucous membranes, crosses breast milk, strongest in secretions
IgE - mast cells and basophils

26
Q

Describe antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity

A
  • When Ab binds to Ag, C1 is activated
  • C1 is then converted to C1qrs
  • C1qrs converts C4 to C4b
  • C4b combines with C2 to make C4b2
  • C1qrs convers C4b2 to C4b2a

C4b2a = C3 convertase

-alternative pathway commences

Alternative pathway:
C3b + C3 convertase
act on
C5 to produce C5a and C5b
C5b combines with C6, C7, C8, and C9
-forms the MAC complex
-pore formation leads to cell lysis
27
Q

What is worse?

C1 deficiency or C3 deficiency

A

C3 deficiency

28
Q

What does Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity do? (2)

A

1) Activates phagocytic cells

2) Neutralization

29
Q

Cell-mediated immunity controlled by ______

A

T-cells

30
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

thymus

31
Q

T-cells do not recognize free Ag, how do they recognize them?

A

The Ag must be presented by one of the body’s own cells in order to recognize it.

32
Q

What acts as an antigen-presenting cell?

A

MHC molecules

33
Q

What are the two types of T-cells?

A

1) cytotoxic T cells

2) helper T cells

34
Q

Tc cells with CD_

A

CD8

35
Q

Th cells with CD_

A

CD4

36
Q

Tc cells with MHC Class _

A

1

37
Q

Th cells with MHC Class _

A

2

38
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells do?

A
  • differentiate into Tc which destroy infected or cancerous cells
  • CD8
  • recognize Ag presented by MHC Class 1 molecules
39
Q

What do helper T cells do?

A
  • differentiate into Th which activate B cells and macrophages
  • CD4
  • recognize antigens presented by MHC Class 2 molecules
Th1 = activate macrophages
Th2 = activate B cells
40
Q

Describe Antibody-Dependent Cellular Toxicity (ADCC)

A
  • Effector cells bind through their surface receptors to Ab molecules coating the target cells
  • Activation of effector cells
  • Release of material damaging targets
    • Macrophages
    • Eosinophils
    • NK cells
41
Q

Purpose of the lymphoid system?

A

Tissues & organs designed to bring B and T cells into contact with Antigens that enter the body

42
Q

Lymphatic vessels carry fluid called ____

A

lymph

43
Q

Primary lymphoid organs?

A

bone marrow
thymus

  • both B and T cells are produced in bone marrow
  • B cells mature in bone marrow
  • T cells mature in thymus

Once mature, lymphocytes gather in secondary lymphoid organs waiting to encounter Ag

44
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Site where lymphocytes gather to collect Ags

  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
  • adenoids
  • appendix
  • Lymph nodes capture Ags from lymph
  • Spleen capture Ags from blood
45
Q

What is MALT?

A

MALT = mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue

-plays key role in adaptive IR that prevents microbes from invading mucosal surface

46
Q

What is SALT?

A

SALT = skin-associated lymphoid tissue

-prevents microbes from invading skin

47
Q

clonal selection

A

Only B-cells capable of making correct Ab bind to Ag

48
Q

What is clonal selection done by?

A

B-cells

49
Q

clonal expansion

A

cells that bind Ag begin dividing, produce population of clones

50
Q

Somatic mutations for further _______

A

selection

*this is only in B cells, not T cells

51
Q

What cells are T memory cells

A

CD45RO

52
Q

What cells are B memory cells

A

CD27 and surface IgG, IgA or IgE

53
Q

List 3 points about memory cells

A
  • More readily stimulated by an antigen
  • Greater combining power
  • Basis for the principle of vaccination
54
Q

What is the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 T-independent antigens

A

Type 1:

  • T-independent antigens are polyclonal activators
  • stimulate a wide variety of B cells independently of their specific antigen receptors

Type 2:

  • T-independent antigens with repeating determinants cross-link Ig receptors
  • Give rise to low-affinity IgM rather than IgG Ab response and do not induce memory response
55
Q

What are cytokines and what do they do?

A
  • soluble intercellular communication factors (hormones of the immune system)
  • non-antigen specific molecules
  • diverse activity
  • Important role in protection against infectious diseases
  • contribute to the control of infection
  • contribute to the development of pathology
56
Q

An interferon is a type of ______

A

cytokines

57
Q

What is an interferon?

A

molecule secreted by virus-infected cells that interferes with viral replication in bystander cells

58
Q

___ down regulates Th1 cells

A

IL-4

59
Q

____ suppresses the activity of Th2 lymphocytes

A

IFNy

Micro 3010 (20 decks)

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