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Psych > Unit 9-Developmental Psychology > Flashcards

Unit 9-Developmental Psychology Flashcards

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0
Q

Zygote

A

The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

About 10 days after conception, the zygote attaches to the mothers uterine wall

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1
Q

Developmental psychology

A

A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Embryo

A

The developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month
2-8 weeks

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3
Q

Fetus

A

The developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

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4
Q

Placenta

A

Formed as zygotes outer cells attached to the uterine wall, transfers nutrients and oxygen to fetus, helps screen out potentially harmful substances

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5
Q

Teratogens

A

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

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6
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A

Physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman’s heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions (lifelong brain abnormalities)

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7
Q

Habituation

A

Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

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8
Q

Novelty-preference procedure

A

Ask 4 month olds how they recognize cats and dogs (they focus on the face)

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9
Q

Pruning process

A

Occurs around the time of puberty, excess fiber pathway connections are shut down and others that are used are strengthened

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10
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience (experience adjusts development)

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11
Q

Back-to-sleep position

A

Putting babies to sleep on their back reduces risk of smothering crib death

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12
Q

Infantile amnesia

A

Earliest memories rarely before 3 years old (average is 3.5 years old)

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13
Q

Cognition

A

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

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14
Q

Schemas

A

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets info (ex: cat, love)

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15
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

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16
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

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17
Q

Piaget’s four stages

A

Cognitive development

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18
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

First stage in piaget’s theory, from birth to two years during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities (looking, hearing, touching)

  • object permanence
  • stranger anxiety
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19
Q

Object permanence

A

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (8 months)

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20
Q

Pre-operational stage

A

2nd stage in piaget’s theory, from two to six or seven, during which a child learns to use language, but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

  • pretend play
  • egocentrism
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21
Q

Conservatism

A

The principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

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22
Q

Egocentrism

A

In Piaget’s theory, the pre-operational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

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23
Q

Theory of mind

A

People’s ideas about their own and others’ mental states about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

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24
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

3rd stage in Piaget’s theory, from seven to eleven, during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (concrete analogies and arithmetical operations)

  • conservatism
  • mathematical transformations
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25
Q

Formal operational stage

A

4th stage in Piaget’s theory, from twelve to adulthood, during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts (hypothetical)

  • abstract logic
  • potential for mature moral reasoning
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26
Q

Autism

A

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others’ states of mind (have trouble reflecting on their own mental states-not using personal pronouns)

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27
Q

Zone of proximal development

A

Vygotsky’s idea of zone between what a child could learn with and without help

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28
Q

Stranger anxiety

A

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about 8 months

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29
Q

Attachment

A

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation (infant-parent bond)

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30
Q

Critical period

A

An optimal period shortly after birth when an organism’s exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

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31
Q

Imprinting

A

The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life
- children do not imprint , they have a sensitive period where they form attachments

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32
Q

Secure attachment

A

In mother’s presence they are happy and when placed in an strange environment they become distressed and seek comfort from parent, but they are able to separate from parents and can be comforted by others

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33
Q

Insecure attachment

A

Cling to mother, don’t explore, and cry when she leaves until she reruns- as a result of an insensitive and unresponsive mother

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34
Q

Temperament

A

A person’s characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity (tend to persist in life)
- heredity predisposes temperament

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35
Q

Maternal deprivation

A

Infants who lack a caring mother are said to suffer from this

36
Q

father absence

A

Infants who lack a caring father

37
Q

Basic trust

A

According to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

38
Q

Self-concept

A

Our understanding and evaluation of who we are (self esteem is how they feel about that)

39
Q

Authoritarian parenting styles

A

Parents impose rules and expect obedience

40
Q

Permissive parenting style

A

Parents submit to their children’s desires-few demands, and little punishment

41
Q

Authoritative parenting style

A

Parents are demanding and responsive, they set rules and enforce then, but also explain reasons for rules- they encourage open discussion if rules and allow exceptions
- this type of parenting leads to high self esteem and social competence

42
Q

Gender

A

In psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

43
Q

Aggression

A

Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone- men are generally more physically aggressive

44
Q

Relational aggression

A

Excluding someone- verbally

45
Q

Male answer syndrome

A

When asked difficult questions, men are more likely to hazard answers rather than admit that they don’t know

46
Q

X chromosome

A

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes and males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child

47
Q

Y chromosome

A

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

48
Q

Testosterone

A

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulated the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

49
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

50
Q

Gender roles

A

A set of expected behaviors for males and for females

- smooth social relations , but we feel anxious if we deviate from them

51
Q

Gender identity

A

Our sense of being male or female

52
Q

Gender typing

A

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role (boys exhibit traditional masculine traits and interests)

53
Q

Social learning theory

A

The theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

54
Q

Parent- blaming

A

Revel in children’s successes and and feel guilt or shame over their failures

55
Q

Selection effect

A

Peer similarity may be a result of this as kids seek out peers with similar attitudes and interests

56
Q

Adolescence

A

The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

57
Q

Puberty

A

The first stage of adolescence, the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing (11 in girls, 13 in boys)

58
Q

Primary sex characteristics

A

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

59
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

Non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair

60
Q

Menarche

A

The first menstrual period, when prepared for it, girls see it as a positive transition

61
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation in boys (nocturnal emission)

62
Q

Preconventional morality

A

Morality focuses on self-interest, obey rules to avoid punishment or receive award

63
Q

Conventional morality

A

Morality focuses on caring for others, upholding laws and rules

64
Q

Post conventional morality

A

Actions are judged right because they flow from people’s rights or are self-defined (not found in collectivist societies)

65
Q

Social institutionist

A

Account of morality, moral feelings precede moral reasoning

66
Q

Search for identity

A

What values should I live by? Who am I? What do I believe in?

67
Q

Erikson’s 1st stage of psychosocial development (infancy to 1 year)

A

Trust vs. mistrust

If needs are dependably met, infants develop sense of basic trust

68
Q

Erikson’s 2nd stage

Toddlerhood (1-3)

A

Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

Learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

69
Q

Erikson’s 3rd stage

Preschool (3-6)

A

Initiative vs. guilt

Learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or feel guilty about independence

70
Q

Erikson’s 4th stage

Elementary (6-puberty)

A

Industry vs. inferiority

Learn pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior

71
Q

Erikson’s 5th stage

Adolescence (teens-20s)

A

Identity vs. role confusion

Work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form identity, or they become confused

72
Q 
Erikson's 6th stage
Young adult (20-40)
A

Intimacy vs. isolation

Struggle to form close relationships and gain capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

73
Q 
Erikson's 7th stage
Middle adult (40-60)
A

Generativity vs. stagnation

People discover sense of contributing to the world, usually through family or, or lack of purpose

74
Q 
Erikson's 8th stage
Late adult (60+)
A

Integrity vs. despair

Reflecting on his or her life, may feel satisfaction or failure

75
Q

Identity

A

Our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

76
Q

Social identity

A

The “we” aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to “who am I?” That comes from our group memberships

77
Q

Intimacy

A

In Erikson’s theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

78
Q

Emerging adulthood

A

For some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood (still relatively dependent on parents financially and emotionally)

79
Q

Menopause

A

The time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines (around age 50), expectations effect the emotional impact of it

80
Q

Death-deferral phenomenon

A

People tend to die after major holidays and events rather than before or on the day of

81
Q

Dementia

A

Mental erosion caused by age, brain tumor, small strokes, or alcohol dependence

82
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

Strikes 3% by age 75
First memory deteriorates then reasoning (loss of smell is a sign)
Loss of brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce acetylcholine

83
Q

Prospective memory

A

Remember to…
Remains strong when events help trigger memories, but time based tasks are hard and habitual tasks (taking medication) are especially challenging

84
Q

Cross-sectional study

A

A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

85
Q

Longitudinal study

A

Research in which the same people are re-studied and retested over a long period

86
Q

Crystallized intelligence

A

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

87
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

88
Q

Social clock

A

The culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Psych (7 decks)

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