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Psych > Unit 14-Social Psychhology > Flashcards

Unit 14-Social Psychhology Flashcards

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0
Q

Attribution theory

A

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition (Fritz Heider)

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1
Q

Social psychology

A

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

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2
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

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3
Q

Attitudes

A

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

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4
Q

Central route persuasion

A

Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts (occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved in the issue)
-more thoughtful and less superficial, more durable and more likely to influence behavior

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5
Q

Peripheral route persuasion

A

Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness (when issues don’t change systematic thinking, this faster persuasion occurs)

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6
Q

Foot-in-door-phenomenon

A

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

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7
Q

Role

A

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

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8
Q

Cognitive dissonance theory

A

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes, and of our attitudes clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes (Leon Festinger)

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9
Q

Chameleon effect

A

Unconsciously mimicking others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones helps is feel what they are feeling)

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10
Q

Mood linkage

A

Sharing our up and down moods with others around us

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11
Q

Conformity

A

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
-increases when one feels incompetent, insecure, when group is unanimous, when group has at least three peopl

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12
Q

Normative social influence

A

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

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13
Q

Informational social influence

A

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

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14
Q

Social facilitation

A

Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
- people don’t perform as well on harder tasks when people are watching them

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15
Q

Social loafing

A

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable (common among men in individualistic countries)

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16
Q

Deindividuation

A

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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17
Q

Group polarization

A

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
- beneficial when amplifies a sought-after spiritual awareness or strengthens tolerance but bad when high prejudice students discussed racial issues

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18
Q

Groupthink

A

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

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19
Q

Culture

A

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to he next

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20
Q

Norm

A

An understood rule for expected and accepted and behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

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21
Q

Personal space

A

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies (varies across cultures)

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22
Q

Social control

A

Power of the situation

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23
Q

Personal control

A

The power of the individual

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24
Q

Minority influence

A

The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities-has to be consistent and persistent

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25
Q

Prejudice

A

An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude towards a group and it’s members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

26
Q

Stereotype

A

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people (belief part of prejudice)

27
Q

Discrimination

A

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it’s members (action part of prejudice)

28
Q

Blame-the-victim

A

If poverty breeds higher crime, than people use more crime to justify continuing discrimination gassing those who live in poverty

29
Q

Social identities

A

Allow us to associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast with others

30
Q

Ingroup

A

“Us” people with whom we share a common identity

31
Q

Outgroup

A

“Them” those perceived as different or apart from the Ingroup

32
Q

Ingroup bias

A

The tendency to favor our own group

33
Q

Scapegoat theory

A

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

34
Q

Outgroup homogeneity

A

We overestimate the similarity of those in other groups

35
Q

Other-race effect

A

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races (also called the cross race effect and the own race bias)

36
Q

Just-world phenomenon

A

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

37
Q

Aggression

A

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

Frontal love,low levels of serotonin, high levels of testosterone

38
Q

Frustration-aggression principle

A

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

39
Q

Aggression-replacement program

A

Brought down rearrest rates by teaching youths and parents communication skills, training them to control anger, and encouraging more thoughtful moral reasoning

40
Q

Rape myth

A

The idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get swept away while being taken

41
Q

Social scripts

A

Mental tapes for how to act, provided by our culture which we rely on in unfamiliar situations

42
Q

Catharsis hypothesis

A

The idea hat we feel better if we blow off steam by venting our emotions -false

43
Q

Attraction

A

Three ingredients are proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity

44
Q

Mere exposure effect

A

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

45
Q

Reward theory of attraction

A

We like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

46
Q

Passionate love

A

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

47
Q

Compassionate love

A

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our life is intertwined

48
Q

Equity

A

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

49
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to another

50
Q

Altruism

A

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

51
Q

We help if

A

We notice the incident, interpret it as emergency, and assume responsibility for helping

52
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

When more people share responsibility for helping, any single listener was less likely to help

53
Q

Bystander effect

A

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (happy people more eager to help)

54
Q

Social exchange theory

A

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs (accountants call it cost benefit analysis and philosophers call it utilitarianism)

55
Q

Reciprocity norm

A

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

56
Q

Social-responsibility norm

A

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

57
Q

Conflict

A

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas (destructive process of social traps and distorted perceptions)

58
Q

Social traps

A

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

59
Q

Mirror-image perceptions

A

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive (viscous cycle of hostility)

60
Q

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A

A belief that leads to it’s own fulfillment

61
Q

Superordinate goals

A

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

62
Q

GRIT

A

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- strategy designed to decrease international tensions

Psych (7 decks)

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