Unit 14-Social Psychhology

Question 0

Attribution theory

Answer 0

The theory that we explain someone’s behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons disposition (Fritz Heider)

Question 1

Social psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

Question 2

Fundamental attribution error

Answer 2

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another’s behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

Question 3

Attitudes

Answer 3

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

Question 4

Central route persuasion

Answer 4

Attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts (occurs mostly when people are naturally analytical or involved in the issue)
-more thoughtful and less superficial, more durable and more likely to influence behavior

Question 5

Peripheral route persuasion

Answer 5

Attitude change path in which people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker’s attractiveness (when issues don’t change systematic thinking, this faster persuasion occurs)

Question 6

Foot-in-door-phenomenon

Answer 6

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request

Question 7

Role

Answer 7

A set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Question 8

Cognitive dissonance theory

Answer 8

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes, and of our attitudes clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes (Leon Festinger)

Question 9

Chameleon effect

Answer 9

Unconsciously mimicking others’ expressions, postures, and voice tones helps is feel what they are feeling)

Question 10

Mood linkage

Answer 10

Sharing our up and down moods with others around us

Question 11

Conformity

Answer 11

Adjusting one’s behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
-increases when one feels incompetent, insecure, when group is unanimous, when group has at least three peopl

Question 12

Normative social influence

Answer 12

Influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval

Question 13

Informational social influence

Answer 13

Influence resulting from one’s willingness to accept others’ opinions about reality

Question 14

Social facilitation

Answer 14

Stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
- people don’t perform as well on harder tasks when people are watching them

Question 15

Social loafing

Answer 15

The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable (common among men in individualistic countries)

Question 16

Deindividuation

Answer 16

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Question 17

Group polarization

Answer 17

The enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
- beneficial when amplifies a sought-after spiritual awareness or strengthens tolerance but bad when high prejudice students discussed racial issues

Question 18

Groupthink

Answer 18

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Question 19

Culture

Answer 19

The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to he next

Question 20

Norm

Answer 20

An understood rule for expected and accepted and behavior. Norms prescribe “proper” behavior

Question 21

Personal space

Answer 21

The buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies (varies across cultures)

Question 22

Social control

Answer 22

Power of the situation

Question 23

Personal control

Answer 23

The power of the individual

Question 24

Minority influence

Answer 24

The power of one or two individuals to sway majorities-has to be consistent and persistent

Question 25

Prejudice

Answer 25

An unjustifiable (usually negative) attitude towards a group and it's members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Question 26

Stereotype

Answer 26

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often over generalized) belief about a group of people (belief part of prejudice)

Question 27

Discrimination

Answer 27

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it's members (action part of prejudice)

Question 28

Blame-the-victim

Answer 28

If poverty breeds higher crime, than people use more crime to justify continuing discrimination gassing those who live in poverty

Question 29

Social identities

Answer 29

Allow us to associate ourselves with certain groups and contrast with others

Question 30

Ingroup

Answer 30

"Us" people with whom we share a common identity

Question 31

Outgroup

Answer 31

"Them" those perceived as different or apart from the Ingroup

Question 32

Ingroup bias

Answer 32

The tendency to favor our own group

Question 33

Scapegoat theory

Answer 33

The theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Question 34

Outgroup homogeneity

Answer 34

We overestimate the similarity of those in other groups

Question 35

Other-race effect

Answer 35

The tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately than faces of other races (also called the cross race effect and the own race bias)

Question 36

Just-world phenomenon

Answer 36

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

Question 37

Aggression

Answer 37

Any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy | Frontal love,low levels of serotonin, high levels of testosterone

Question 38

Frustration-aggression principle

Answer 38

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression

Question 39

Aggression-replacement program

Answer 39

Brought down rearrest rates by teaching youths and parents communication skills, training them to control anger, and encouraging more thoughtful moral reasoning

Question 40

Rape myth

Answer 40

The idea that some women invite or enjoy rape and get swept away while being taken

Question 41

Social scripts

Answer 41

Mental tapes for how to act, provided by our culture which we rely on in unfamiliar situations

Question 42

Catharsis hypothesis

Answer 42

The idea hat we feel better if we blow off steam by venting our emotions -false

Question 43

Attraction

Answer 43

Three ingredients are proximity, physical attractiveness, and similarity

Question 44

Mere exposure effect

Answer 44

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them

Question 45

Reward theory of attraction

Answer 45

We like those whose behavior is rewarding to us and that we will continue relationships that offer more rewards than costs

Question 46

Passionate love

Answer 46

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship

Question 47

Compassionate love

Answer 47

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our life is intertwined

Question 48

Equity

Answer 48

A condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it

Question 49

Self-disclosure

Answer 49

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to another

Question 50

Altruism

Answer 50

Unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Question 51

We help if

Answer 51

We notice the incident, interpret it as emergency, and assume responsibility for helping

Question 52

Diffusion of responsibility

Answer 52

When more people share responsibility for helping, any single listener was less likely to help

Question 53

Bystander effect

Answer 53

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (happy people more eager to help)

Question 54

Social exchange theory

Answer 54

The theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs (accountants call it cost benefit analysis and philosophers call it utilitarianism)

Question 55

Reciprocity norm

Answer 55

An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them

Question 56

Social-responsibility norm

Answer 56

An expectation that people will help those dependent upon them

Question 57

Conflict

Answer 57

A perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas (destructive process of social traps and distorted perceptions)

Question 58

Social traps

Answer 58

A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior

Question 59

Mirror-image perceptions

Answer 59

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive (viscous cycle of hostility)

Question 60

Self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 60

A belief that leads to it's own fulfillment

Question 61

Superordinate goals

Answer 61

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation

Question 62

GRIT

Answer 62

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction- strategy designed to decrease international tensions