unit 9 - active learning Flashcards
briefly describe attribution theory
explains what we attribute our own behaviors and the behaviors of others to.
i. situational attribution > blaming the situation with causing the behavior (external locus of control)
ii. dispositional attribution > blaming a relatively permanent trait fo the person (internal locus of control)
what are some examples of fundamental attribution errors? make connections to other psych concepts
fundamental attribution errors occur because we attribute the behaviors of others differently than our own
I. Good > self - dispos: I EARNED it because of something intrinsic…
II. Good > others - situat: it’s not FAIR…
III. Bad > self - situat: it’s not my FAULT because…
IV. Bad > others - dispos: it’s THEIR FAULT…
Notice how in I & II, it’s a self-serving bias, whereas in III & IV, it’s the Just World Hypothesis.
Also in dispositional attribution of others, there’s a cognitive tendency to thin “THEY’RE ALL like that”, thus creating an outgroup homogeneity
we have cognitive tendencies that protect us from disturbing information such as:
I. Self-fulfilling prophecies > if you attribute behaviors to situations, then you will continue to be “powerless” i.e. you don’t try –> you don’t succeed
II. Fake consensus effect > the belief that many think the way we do (self-serving)
III. Self-serving bias > unconsciously giving the benefit of doubt/spinning negative information to look good
how do you change someone’s attitude?
central route to persuasion: facts, logic, HIGH Elaboration likelihood model (how likely someone thinks about the information presented in a persuasive argument)
peripheral route to persuasion: appearances, feelings, emotions, LOW ELM
why do we change our attitudes?
the state of cognitive dissonance occurs whereby our attitudes and behaviors are in conflict with each other, and rather than staying in this uncomfortable state, it is easier to change attitudes/behaviors (justifying dissonance)
what were the Soloman Asch Line Experiments? what psychology concepts do they relate to?
subjects sat with confederates, Asch asked which line was closest to X, control gave right answers, experimental gave wrong answers & subjects gave wrong as well in conformity to the confederates EVEN if they knew the group was wrong.
Informational social influence > conformity because others MUST have better info (heuristic)
normative social influence > conformity to be in the ingroup (avoid ostracization)
what was the Milgram Obedience Experiment?
an extremely unethical experiment where experimenters facilitated a teacher-student interaction where students would be shocked for every wrong answer, with teachers complying till near-fatal shocks simply to be obedient to authority
what was the Stanford Prison Experiment?
24 men were prisoners/guards and guards enjoyed being strict/cruel and prisoners quickly forgot they were experimenters > conforming to assigned roles
how does the presence of others affect behavior?
- we relate self-views to the expectations of others; we are never truly free from social influence
- the diffusion of responsibility: people feel less responsible to take right actions when other people are present due to deindividuation (mob frenzying) and bystander effect due to feelings of anonymity within a group
how do groups influence behavior?
- social facilitation > individuals perform better with a group BECAUSE of social presence but this erodes individual choices
- reciprocity norm > you want to give back what is received (good/bad)
- social norms > how one ought to act
- social inhibition > we change self in relation to social norms
- group polarization > group decisions/opinions become MORE extreme
social traps > short term competition with long-term, irreparable damages
is it better to cooperate or compete?
compete better WHEN limited resources
cooperate better WHEN collective benefit
compete worse WHEN limits in achievement
cooperate worse WHEN loafing/betrayl occur
conflicts are inevitable but zero-sum results are to be avoided (1+ -1 = 0)
cooperation occurs even when individuals are at conflict WHEN there are superordinate goals that unify
why do we treat people differently?
- bias is the predisposition of being for/against someone (usually an outgroup), with in-group bias being the overarching dynamic at play.
- ethnocentrism is a type of bias in which others are judged within your cultural schema.
- prejudice is an unjustifiable negative attitude or stereotype of a group (one experience -> ALL in that group)
- stereotypes are generalized beliefs based on a few group members
- discrimination is negative behavior based on prejudices
what is the mere exposure effect?
simply by being near a person, your attraction for that person increases due to increased familiarity/fondness (but this can also occur negatively)
what are the different perspectives on aggression?
aggression is seeking HARM towards another person or interest
- evolutionary > more aggression -> survival + genes spread
- biochemical > aggression is a feedback loop of the amygdala, hypothalamus, testosterone, low serotonin
- psychodynamic > often the result of unconscious processes
- social approach > aggression is the result of social interaction
what are the positive and maladaptive ways of dealing with negative/unpleasant feelings?
pos: emotion based coping –> solutions & internal locus of control
mal: emotion based coping –> external locus of control
why are people altruistic?
- people feel good do good
- feeling guilty (cognitive dissonance)
- belonging in an ingroup
- knowing how to help
- perceiving someone as WORTHY
what are the different levels of interpersonal attraction? what influences attraction?
I. companionate > deeper friendship, intimacy and commitment
II. passionate > intimacy AND physical, without longevity
III. consummate > passion, intimacy, and commitment
- mere exposure
- halo effect
- homophily
- attractiveness
