unit 7 - active learning Flashcards
what is motivation?
a need that energizes and directs behavior through a goal
describe the two types of needs
primary needs - innate and unlearned, like hunger, thirst, and shelter
secondary needs -psychosocial, like approval, belonging, and love
what was Clark Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory?
drive: a state of arousal caused by bio/physiological needs (unpleasant)
drive-reducing behaviors: behaviors that return us to homeostasis
example: food –> hunger –> eating –> fullness
how does Thorndike’s Law of Effect relate with Hull’s Drive Reduction Theory?
behaviors that have positive consequences are repeated; therefore, drive-reducing behaviors are repeated
what is incentive?
while Hull’s DRT addresses PUSH factors for behaviors, Incentive Theory addresses PULL factors.
incentive is the promise that some valued outcome or avoidance of aversive stimuli will occur in exchange for a behavior.
how did Lepper, Greene, and Nishett study overjustification?
G1 - play + reward
G2 - play THEN reward
G3 - play - reward
result: as soon as extrinsic motivation is provided, intrinsic motivation fall precipitously
what is arousal?
arousal theory provides that people are motivated to increase or decrease their arousal levels to achieve and maintain a personal optimum level of arousal.
types: physiological, emotional, and intellectual arousal.
what does the Yerkes-Dodson Law say about arousal?
too much or too little arousal impedes performance
what is the biopsychosocial model of hunger?
biology: blood sugar increases, insulin increases, blood sugar decreases, eating results in satiation
* the lateral hypothalamus increases eating with orexin while the ventromedial hypothalamus increases satiety. they use leptin, ghrelin, insulin, and PYY
social-cultural: presence of others and serving portions
psychological: anticipated pleasure/reward, mood-based hunger
how do conflicts interact with motivation?
approach/approach: two desirable but mutually exclusive options
avoidance/avoidance: two mutually exclusive options that both suck; a lesser of two evils
approach/avoidance: when a single event has a desirable AND undesirable outcome
double approach/avoidance: when two mutually exclusive options both have desirable/undesirable consequences
*such conflicts can lead to procrastination until a decision is made for us / avoided
what is the James-Lange ToE?
stimulus -> physical arousal -> emotional experience
* on the premise that every emotion is accompanied by a unique pattern of physiological arousal
what is the Schachter-Singer (two-factor) ToE?
stimulus -> arousal cognitive appraisal
- what we personally attribute physiological sensations to
- but sometimes we feel emotions without appraising them
what is the Cannon-Bard ToE?
stimulus - thalamus - > physical & emotional arousal/experience
*doesn’t factor novel experiences where we don’t necessarily know what we feel
what is the Lazarus ToE?
stimulus - cognitive appraisal -> physical arousal & emotional experience
what is the Zajone-LeDoux ToE?
some emotions like fear, anger, surprise are automatic: stim -> emotion/experience
what is stress?
a condition in which homeostasis is upset and the prompt to return to homeostasis
- stressors are anything we perceive as challenging, threatening, or demanding
- adaptation is change in response to a stressor
- eustress > good, distress > bad
what is Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
alarm reaction > stressor > resistance > exhaustion
define personality
a characteristic pattern of a person’s thinking, feeling, and acting
what did freud believe about personality?
people are born with psychic energy (libido) that must be redirected during social development: aggressive and sexual impulses fight to come out and must be restrained.
the personality can be divided into 3 structures:
- ID is primal, pleasure-seeking and operates on IMMEDIATE GRATIFICATION
- SUPEREGO is the conscience, using socialization and guilt to restrict the ID
- EGO is conscious, listening to both ID and SUPEREGO and operates on DELAYED GRATIFACTION
what are the five stages through which personality structures develop
oral > 0 - 18 months, infants take pleasure from oral stimulation
anal > 18 m - 3 years, children take pleasure in controlling bowel movements
phallic > 3 - 6 years, children seek genital stimulation and sexual identification
latency > 6 to puberty, fixations and sexual feelings remain hidden
genital > puberty onwards, pleasure with sexual activity/masturbation
how did Carl Jung elaborate on Freudian psychology?
he provided a sociological approach; there’s a collective unconscious filled with archetypes: universal ideas that are ingrained
who were the neo-freudians and what did they believe?
Alfred Adler > offered the inferiority complex arguing that we constantly strive for superiority
Karen Horney > environmental/social situations might be casual factors in shaping your personality
gradually we move away from the emphasis on sex (Freud) to conscious factors with psychodynamics
The ego defends against the demands of the Id and Superego via Defense Mechanisms
- compensation
- denial
- displacement
- identification with aggressor
- intellectualization
- projection
- rationalization
- reaction formation
- regression
- repression
- sublimation
how are behaviors connected to personality?
behaviorism provides that personality is a function of the environment, that personality is predictable based on a history of rewards/punishments; inconsistencies in personality/behavior are SITUATIONAL, not internal
how did Bandura and Rotter reject Skinner’s denial of the “black box”
Rotter’s Expectancy Theory > we learn what to expect in different situations
- our behaviors are governed by such expectations and personal attached importance to outcomes
- ability to affect outcome is referred to as “locus of control”
Bandura’s Social Learning Theory > personality is learned in social settings, observational learning is seeing things and doing them, self-efficacy is the belief in own ability to be successful or not, reciprocal determinism is the interaction of mental state -> your behavior –> your environment
how do humanistic theories view personality?
humanism focuses on the positive and the principle that people want to grow, that we want to reach our fullest potential and self-actualize.
what did Carl Rogers contribute to humanistic theories
self concepts; we crave approval from others (positive regard) and IF the approval agrees with our own self-evaluations, we are in congruency and it becomes part of the self-concept. but when the opposite occurs, incongruency causes anxiety/depression
what was Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
based on the idea that though we all want to self-actualize, other things take precedence:
phys needs –> safety –> belonging –> esteem –> self-actualization
what are the trait theories of personality?
3 assumptions with traits: stable and predictable, stable across situations, everyone has different amounts of traits and therefore there are infinite variations of basic traits.
what was Gordon Allport’s contribution to trait theory?
personality descriptors:
cardinal (extreme influence), central (strong influence), secondary (background)
what was Raymond Cattell’s contribution to trait theory?
factor analysis > clustering traits found together to create/identify 16 personality factors. except Cattell’s factors were bipolar: shy v. bold, trusting v. suspicious, etc.
what was Hans Eyesenck’s contribution to trait theory?
he used factor analysis with only two dimensions> emotional/stable, extraversion/introversion
Costa and McCrae’s Big Five Model considered what?
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neurotocism
how do we measure personality?
personality tests mostly view traits and characteristics
> sources of information are usually: life outcomes, situational tests, observational ratings, and self-reports
> objective tests use multiple-choice, projective tests use ambiguous images to elicit response and gauge personality
what is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory?
a test used to assess personality and help diagnose disorders
> uses clinical scales to compare results with others with diagnosed disorders or characteristics
what is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
it is a test with 4 personality dimensions; less reliable and valid than MMPI without validity checks
what is the Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory?
a test that assesses the Big Five traits and is reliable, correlating well with other assessments
what are some Projective Personality Tests?
these tests are psychodynamic, where the unconscious guides responses, yielding insight into personality in subtle/indirect ways.
> creates subjective results inaccessible form objective tests
> Rorschach Inkblot Test - say what you see in inkblots
> Thematic Apperception Test - ambiguous pictures turned into stories
*They lack validity and reliability due to SUBJECTIVITY
