Unit 9 Flashcards
Prior to the advent of functional assessment, _____ was used.
Behavior Modifications
Behavior Modification focused on ____ and overreliance on _____.
Focused on the topography of the response (Behavior so serious, why it occurs is secondary). Overreliance on punishment (get rid of behavior by any means necessary).
Behavior Modification
Superimposing powerful Sr and punishment contingencies.
Impact of Functional assessment: Changes in the ____
Treatment culture. Focus shifted away from chemical and physical restraint. Increase in reinforcement-based over punishment-based studies in research literatures.
Impact of Functional Assessment: ____ of ____.
Efficacy of interventions. Treatment more effective following a functional assessment.
Functional Analysis of Behavior Disorders: Assumptions
Behavior problems are LEARNED performances. Adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned in the same manner.
Functional Analysis of Behavior Disorders” Purpose of a functional analysis
To identify the maintaining variable (source of reinforcement) for a behavior. Can also tell us the conditions under which the behavior is UNLIKELY to occur.
The ____ of behavior is more important than the ___ of the behavior.
The function of the behavior is more important than the topography of the behavior.
Lovaas et. al (1965)
Self-injurious behavior study, focusing on Sr+ (attention).
Carr et al. (1986, 1980)
SIB/Aggression study, focusing on Sr- (task demand escape, social negative reinforcement)
Berkson & Mason (1963, 1965)
Stereopy study, focusing on Auto Sr
Establushed basic features of FA
1 - Direct observation
2 - Measurement of behavior under test and control conditions
Describe three situations/conditions under which functional analysis may be indicated
1 - Descriptive analysis does not provide sufficient information for formulating reasonable hypotheses 2 - Intervention based on hypotheses generated from descriptive analysis are not producing the desired behavior change and no further adjustments are indicated by the data or other information. 3 - This approach should also be considered when there is a huge time and resource investment in training a large number of staff across a number of relevant environments to perform the requisites of the selected behavior change strategies.
Two common forms of functional analysis
1 - Durand and Carr (1992)
2 - Iwata et al. (1982)
Durand and Carr (1992) Functional
Analysis
• Emphasis on the antecedent, especially
establishing operation during each
condition.
• E.g., attention delivered at different rates
during the test and control conditions (FT30s versus Continuous Attention).
Iwata et al. (1982) Functional Analysis
Emphasis of antecedents and
consequences for the behavior during each condition.
Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, &
Richman (1982/1994) Created a….
General model for concurrently assessing the sensitivity of SIB to contingencies of
- Social positive reinforcement (Sr+)
- Social negative reinforcement (Sr-)
- Automatic reinforcement
Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, &
Richman (1982/1994) Each test condition contains…
An EO, SD, & source of reinforcement (Sr).
These things are absent in the control
condition.
Describe the purpose of the Iwata
model
Purpose: to test a specific hypothesis about
the controlling variables for problem behavior
- Must include a control condition, which doesn’t have the antecedents & consequences related to hypothesis
- The conditions are repeatedly administered & response rates are measured
The Iwata model typically use a ____
Multielement design. Line graphs are used to detect differences between the test condition and the control condition.
In the Iwata model, controlling variables revealed when…
The rate of behavior in the test condition is consistently higher than the control.
“Standard” FAs will have…
Multiple test conditions to compare against the control condition ONLY.
Explain how subjects were protected
from risk in the Iwata et al.
(1982/1994) study.
- Medical exam (exclusion if high risk)
- Criterion for risk established by a physician
- Session terminated if criterion met
- Post-session exams by a nurse
- Weekly case review
Functional Analysis Protocol: Attention
Condition
Identify the relevant establishing
operation (EO)
No attention (ignore)