Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Prior to the advent of functional assessment, _____ was used.

A

Behavior Modifications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Behavior Modification focused on ____ and overreliance on _____.

A

Focused on the topography of the response (Behavior so serious, why it occurs is secondary). Overreliance on punishment (get rid of behavior by any means necessary).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Behavior Modification

A

Superimposing powerful Sr and punishment contingencies.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Impact of Functional assessment: Changes in the ____

A

Treatment culture. Focus shifted away from chemical and physical restraint. Increase in reinforcement-based over punishment-based studies in research literatures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Impact of Functional Assessment: ____ of ____.

A

Efficacy of interventions. Treatment more effective following a functional assessment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Functional Analysis of Behavior Disorders: Assumptions

A

Behavior problems are LEARNED performances. Adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned in the same manner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Functional Analysis of Behavior Disorders” Purpose of a functional analysis

A

To identify the maintaining variable (source of reinforcement) for a behavior. Can also tell us the conditions under which the behavior is UNLIKELY to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The ____ of behavior is more important than the ___ of the behavior.

A

The function of the behavior is more important than the topography of the behavior.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Lovaas et. al (1965)

A

Self-injurious behavior study, focusing on Sr+ (attention).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carr et al. (1986, 1980)

A

SIB/Aggression study, focusing on Sr- (task demand escape, social negative reinforcement)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Berkson & Mason (1963, 1965)

A

Stereopy study, focusing on Auto Sr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Establushed basic features of FA

A

1 - Direct observation

2 - Measurement of behavior under test and control conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe three situations/conditions under which functional analysis may be indicated

A
1 - Descriptive analysis does not provide
sufficient information for formulating
reasonable hypotheses
2 - Intervention based on hypotheses
generated from descriptive analysis are
not producing the desired behavior
change and no further adjustments are
indicated by the data or other
information.
3 - This approach should also be considered when there is a huge time and resource investment in training a large number of staff across a number of relevant environments to perform the requisites of the selected behavior change strategies.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Two common forms of functional analysis

A

1 - Durand and Carr (1992)

2 - Iwata et al. (1982)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Durand and Carr (1992) Functional

Analysis

A

• Emphasis on the antecedent, especially
establishing operation during each
condition.
• E.g., attention delivered at different rates
during the test and control conditions (FT30s versus Continuous Attention).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Iwata et al. (1982) Functional Analysis

A

Emphasis of antecedents and

consequences for the behavior during each condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, &

Richman (1982/1994) Created a….

A

General model for concurrently assessing the sensitivity of SIB to contingencies of

  • Social positive reinforcement (Sr+)
  • Social negative reinforcement (Sr-)
  • Automatic reinforcement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, &

Richman (1982/1994) Each test condition contains…

A

An EO, SD, & source of reinforcement (Sr).
These things are absent in the control
condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Describe the purpose of the Iwata

model

A

Purpose: to test a specific hypothesis about
the controlling variables for problem behavior
- Must include a control condition, which doesn’t have the antecedents & consequences related to hypothesis
- The conditions are repeatedly administered & response rates are measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The Iwata model typically use a ____

A

Multielement design. Line graphs are used to detect differences between the test condition and the control condition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

In the Iwata model, controlling variables revealed when…

A

The rate of behavior in the test condition is consistently higher than the control.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

“Standard” FAs will have…

A

Multiple test conditions to compare against the control condition ONLY.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Explain how subjects were protected
from risk in the Iwata et al.
(1982/1994) study.

A
  • Medical exam (exclusion if high risk)
  • Criterion for risk established by a physician
  • Session terminated if criterion met
  • Post-session exams by a nurse
  • Weekly case review
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Functional Analysis Protocol: Attention
Condition
Identify the relevant establishing
operation (EO)

A

No attention (ignore)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Functional Analysis Protocol: Attention Condition Identify the consequence for problem behavior
Attention
26
Functional Analysis Protocol: Attention Condition Identify the contingency being tested
Sr+
27
Functional Analysis Protocol: Attention Condition Describe
Therapist provides a magazine and informs that they are busy. They ignore the individual, unless the individual engages in problem behavior.
28
Functional Analysis Protocol: Demand Condition Identify the relevant establishing operation (EO)
Demands
29
Functional Analysis Protocol: Demand Condition Identify the consequence for problem behavior
Escape
30
Functional Analysis Protocol: Demand Condition Identify the contingency being tested
Sr-
31
Functional Analysis Protocol: Alone Condition Identify the relevant establishing operation (EO)
No stimuli or activity
32
Functional Analysis Protocol: Alone Condition Identify the consequence for problem behavior
Not applicable. No one is in the room.
33
Functional Analysis Protocol: Alone Condition Identify the contingency being tested
Auto Sr
34
Explain why automatic reinforcement can not be tested for directly
It doesn't actually test for that by manipulating the contingency of behaviors because the behavior directly produces its own consequences. You can't deliver or not deliver the consequence.
35
Functional Analysis Protocol: Play Condition Identify the relevant establishing operation (EO)
N/A. It is designed NOT to present any establishing operations.
36
Functional Analysis Protocol: Play Condition Identify the consequence for problem behavior
Noncontigent reinforcement. It is designed NOT to deliver consequences for problem behaviors.
37
Functional Analysis Protocol: Play Condition Identify the contingency being tested
Control
38
Functional Analysis Protocol: Play Condition Describe
Therapist delivers attention on a time-based schedule to eliminate the EO for attention maintained behavior. No demands are given, so there is no EO for escape behavior. Toys are present to eliminate or reduce any behavior maintained by automatic reinforcement.
39
In the alone condition, we’re testing for:
Behaviors that persist in the absence | of social consequences
40
Describe what is meant by multiple | control
``` - One behavior is maintained by different functions – the usual meaning - Behaviors that are topographically distinct may be maintained by the same function. ```
41
Describe what is meant by | undifferentiated patterns of responding
``` “Undifferentiated” patterns of problem behavior during a functional analysis. There is not clear separation between any condition and the control condition ```
42
List possible causes for undifferentiated | patterns of responding
- Difficulties in discrimination - Relevant variables not tested - Multiple control - May be more likely for low rate behaviors - Simply do not occur during FA such that all conditions = zero rates
43
Functional Analysis Interpretation
Each test is individually compared to the control condition (or to a uniquely arranged control)
44
Multiple tests conditions can be elevated relative to the control. Multiple control?
One behavior maintained by different functions
45
Multiple tests conditions can be elevated relative to the control. Automatic Reinforcement?
- Highly preferred toys only available in control condition - These toys compete with behaviors maintained by auto Sr - Attn, demand, alone = no toys = high rate of behavior
46
_______ can help you figure out whether you have multiple control or automatic reinforcement.
Implementing and evaluating treatments
47
Describe when it is NOT appropriate to include a tangible condition
No items are identified in the descriptive assessment.
48
Describe when it IS appropriate to include a tangible condition
If you strongly suspect maintenance by | access to tangibles
49
If a tangible condition is included, describe how stimuli should be selected
Via a descriptive assessment.
50
Explain the primary difference | between Carr and Durand vs Iwata et al. models
Iwata et al. (1982/1994) - A-B-C Functional Analysis Model - Emphasis on antecedents and consequences Carr and Durand (1985) - A-B Functional Analysis Model - Manipulate antecedents only - No consequences for PB
51
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 33 Type of Work Task
Easy
52
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 33 Attention Delivery
1/3 of intervals
53
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 33 Contingency for problem behavior
Ignore
54
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 33 Testing for...
Behaviors evoked by low attention
55
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 100 Type of work task
Easy
56
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 100 Attention delivery
All intervals
57
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 100 Contingency for problem behavior
Ignore
58
Carr and Durand (1985) | Easy 100 Testing for
None (Control Condition)
59
Carr and Durand (1985) | Difficult 100 Type of work task
Hard
60
Carr and Durand (1985) | Difficult 100 Attention Delivery
All intervals
61
Carr and Durand (1985) | Difficult 100 contingency for problem behaviors
Ignore
62
Carr and Durand (1985) | Difficult 100 testing for...
Behaviors evoked by difficult tasks
63
Carr & Durand (1985) | Easy 33 vs. Easy 100
Assessed different levels of attention while holding task difficulty constant
64
Carr & Durand (1985) | Easy 100 vs. Difficult 100
Assessed the effects of task difficulty while holding attention constant
65
Carr & Durand (1985) Control
Easy 100
66
Carr & Durand (1985) Tests = Easy 33 (_____), Difficult 100 (_____)
Attention, escape(?)
67
Carr & Durand (1985): Results
``` - Disruptive behavior reduced in relevant response condition only. - Mands extinguish in the irrelevant response phase but persist in the relevant phase. ```
68
Carr & Durand (1985): Limitations
- Did not manipulate consequences so PB is actually on extinction! - Relevant response in the Difficult 100 should probably be a mand for escape
69
Two models of FA methodology Determine which model is most likely to produce a differentiated outcome
ABC (Iwata).
70
Two models of FA methodology Identify the essential component in a functional analysis test condition
The contingency for problem behavior
71
Two models of FA methodology Identify the model that contains a contingency for problem behavior
ABC (Iwata)
72
The most conservative time approach for FAs
10min - Sufficient
73
____ min FAs are mostly good enough
5 minute
74
5 minute FAs might be a problem if ....
- Your client doesn’t discriminate well - EXT needs to occur in the play / alone - EO needs awhile to come into effect
75
Clarifying functional analysis (FA) outcomes List strategies
- Enhance Discrimination - Enhance MOs - Alter response measurement - Vary the control condition
76
Two additional experimental designs that could be used to enhance discrimination in functional analysis:
- Reversal | - Pairwise
77
Designs Summary: Multielement
-Rapidly alternate between conditions
78
Design Summary: Multielement problem
Possible lack of discrimination between conditions
79
Designs Summary: Reveral
- One condition ran at a time | - Less common because of the time required
80
Pairwise
- Fairly common - More efficient than reversal - One test condition alternated with control - May assist in discriminability of conditions
81
Clarifying FA Outcomes: Enhance motivational operations
``` - Fixed sequence of conditions such that each condition establishes the EO for the reinforcer tested in the subsequent condition. • E.g., Alone --> attention - Programmed pre-session deprivation (Berg, 2000) ```
82
Clarifying FA Outcomes: Alter response measurement
``` - Evaluate and place consequences on only 1 topography (rather than multiple) at a time - Minimizes chance of undifferentiated results due to multiple control ```
83
Clarifying FA Outcomes: Vary the control condition
``` - Manner in which attention is delivered (FT 30-s versus continuous) - Types of leisure items available • Highly preferred toys during attention condition may compete with attention reinforcer - Alone as control for negative reinforcement (Kahng, 1998) because Sd (i.e., person with history of delivering demands) and EO (instructions) and contingency are absent ```
84
Clarifying FA Outcomes: Enhancing Discrimination
``` - Use 10 min FAs to increase exposure to the contingencies - Use salient SDs - Use a different experimental design if needed ```
85
Potential constraints to conducting a | functional analysis.
- Limited assessment time - Potentially dangerous behavior - Limited control over the environment
86
Potential constraints to conducting an FA: Solution(s) for limited assessment time
- Brief FA | - Test a single function
87
Potential constraints to conducting an FA: Solution(s) for potentially dangerous behavior
- Precursor FA | - Latency FA
88
Potential constraints to conducting an FA: Solution(s) for limited control over the environment
- Trial-based FA
89
Brief Functional Analysis (FA): Identify the purpose of the contingency reversal
To identify a potentially effective intervention Condition w/ highest level of PB in FA - A = Sr for PB; EXT for mands - B = Sr for mands; EXT for PB Conducted as a B-A-B
90
Brief Functional Analysis (BFA) | Describe the purpose
To do FA in an outpatient clinic with less time.
91
Explain the differences between a | “standard” and brief FA
BFA - Only run each condition for one session | FA - At least three sessions per condition
92
Brief FA shows _____ correspondence with full FA
Reasonably good correspondence
93
Progressive Model of Functional Analysis
Model that progresses from brief FA to more extended assessments - Maximizes efficiency - Increases probability of identifying a function
94
Identify the sequential steps in a progressive model of functional analysis. PHASE 1
BRIEF. If differentiated ---> treatment If inconclusive ---> Phase 2
95
Identify the sequential steps in a progressive model of functional analysis. PHASE 2
MULTI-ELEMENT If differentiated --> Treatment If inconclusive --> Phase 3
96
Identify the sequential steps in a progressive model of functional analysis. PHASE 3
EXTENDED NO INTERACTION/ALONE CONDITION If persistence ---> Treatment If extinction --> Phase 4
97
Identify the sequential steps in a progressive model of functional analysis. PHASE 4
REVERSAL DESIGN If differentiated --> Treatment
98
FA in Less Controlled Environments
-Some FAs have to be conducted in the less controlled, natural environment -Some settings allow for less control over the environment
99
Functional analysis in a less controlled environment List potential advantages
- Less disruption to the client’s routine | - Requires fewer resources
100
Functional analysis in a less controlled environment Identify the type of FA that may be appropriate
A trial-based FA may be appropriate
101
Trial-based Functional Analysis | Describe
+ Attention --- Control: moderately preferred (MP) toy, free attention, PB ignored --- Test: MP toy, ignore until PB, PB = attn & end of trial + Demand --- Control: no toys, therapist close but ignores client ---Test: Demands presented, PB = escape & end of trial + Tangible --- Control: highly preferred (HP toy), PB ignored --- Test: HP toy removed, PB = HP toy & end of trial + Ignore: all client behaviors ignored
102
Trial-based Functional Analysis Identify the segments and duration of each trial
- Attn, demand, tangible (if reported), ignore (unless PB = AGG) - Trial = control, test, control. Each segment was 2 min - 20 trials of each condition
103
Trial-based Functional Analysis Describe the correspondence between trial-based FA and standard FA results
- Correspondence between TBFA & standard FA for 6/10 - Partial correspondence for 1 subject - Lack of correspondence for 3/10 subjects
104
Trial-based Functional Analysis | Determine when to use a trial-based approach
Good for when you don’t have resources for a standard FA or when you are unable to remove the client from ongoing activities.
105
Idiosyncratic Variables | Define
Variables not tested in the standard FA resulting in not getting differentiated results from your standard FA
106
Idiosyncratic Variables | Describe how to identify them
- Do a descriptive assessment (DA) - Design test and control conditions for your hypothesis - An FA is more than just attention, demand, alone, & play
107
Idiosyncratic Variables | Identify two examples of idiosyncratic functions for problem behavior
- Mand Compliance | - Repetitive behaviors - Inappropriate and excessive straightening behaviors
108
Progressive model of FA: What do you do if still undifferentiated at phase 4?
Use a DA to identify potential idiosyncratic variables that can be tested in an FA.
109
Describe how to select which topographies of behavior to reinforce in a functional analysis.
- Most efficient to focus on all topographies - Always graph each topography separately - If necessary, place topographies on extinction until all topographies emerge
110
Focusing on all topographies can be problematic if...
Different topographies are maintained by different reinforcers - Example: SIB is maintained by attention, but aggression is maintained by escape
111
List the requirements that must be met in order to conduct a functional analysis
- Potential benefits outweigh potential risks - Protective procedures in place - Controlled setting available - Sufficient trained staff - B.A. has procedural expertise - Informed consent obtained - Procedures reviewed and approved
112
List advantages of experimental analysis
- Because it is experimental rather than correlational in nature, its the only assessment format that can let us validly talk about cause-and-effect relationships. - Isolates relevant variables- certainty about controlling variables is greatest when systematic manipulations are employed. - Potential treatment effects may be observed during assessment. - Systematic manipulations increase the likelihood that the use of ineffective or unnecessary procedures will be avoided.
113
List limitations of experimental analysis
- Failure to identify the full range of the controlling variables. - Failure to identify the specific features of a situation that occasion the problem behavior (e.g., - ---generic --> demands - ---specifically --> escape from physical prompts - Potential for iatrogenic effects (Iatros means physician in Greek, and -genic, meaning induced by) - Time and labor intensive; specialized training? - Contrived situations may not simulate what occurs in the natural environment (External validity)
114
If you do NOT conduct a FA
``` - Develop a plan based on the results of your descriptive assessment, implement it, and systematically evaluate it. - If the plan is not effective, consider doing a functional analysis before revising. ```