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BEHP 5012 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Visual Analysis

A

A systematic form of data examination, characterized by visual inspection of graphical displays of those data.

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2
Q

In ABA, what does visual analysis allow for?

A

The evaluation of the effect(s), on behavior, of an experimental or clinical manipulation.

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3
Q

Typically, the data in visual analysis are presented as …

A

Repeated measurement over time.

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4
Q

Visual analysis involves these two basic processes:

A

Taking an overview of an entire data display, noting its general characteristics, and specific data inspection and analysis.

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5
Q

What two basic questions does visual analysis answer?

A

Was there a meaningful change in behavior and to what extent can the change be attributable to a specific environmental change?

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6
Q

Visual analysis has also been termed…

A

“Criterion by inspection.”

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7
Q

Three types of data display

A

1 - Data may be embedded in text. 2 - Data may be presented in a summary form, usually as a structured data table (a numerical representation of data). 3 - Data may be presented in a graphical form (a visual representation of data).

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8
Q

What is a graph?

A

A graph (AKA, “chart”) is a relatively simple visual format for displaying data.

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9
Q

Graphs provide…

A

Visual representations of relationships between a series of measurements and relevant variables.

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10
Q

Graphs are the major device used for

A

Organizing, summarizing, interpreting, and communicating the results of ABA.

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11
Q

Graphs provide ____ access to an ______ visual record of behavior and thus promote ____ evaluation.

A

Graphs provide immediate access to an on-going visual record of behavior and thus promote continuous evaluation.

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12
Q

What can lead to more complete analysis?

A

Unexpected variation in data.

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13
Q

Visual analysis tends to be _____ than statistical analysis.

A

More conservative.

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14
Q

Graphs provide visual feedback to

A

All involved, including the person whose data is being graphed and the individuals who are collecting the data.

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15
Q

What are the four types of graphic displays used in ABA?

A

Equal-Interval Line Graph, Cumulative Records, Bar Graph (Histogram), and Semi-logarithmic Graphs (e.g. Standard Celeration Chart).

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16
Q

What is the most commonly used graph in ABA?

A

Equal-Interval Line Graph.

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17
Q

What are four types of graphic displays not used in ABA?

A

Pie Charts, Area Charts, Radar Charts, and Full-logarithmic “log-log” graphs (log scales on both the X and Y axis).

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18
Q

Equal-Interval Line Graph

A

AKA The simple line graph. It is based on a Cartesian plan, a two dimensional area formed by the intersection of two perpendicular lines (+ shape)

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19
Q

Cartesian

A

Invented by Rene Descartes

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20
Q

In a simple line graph, any point within the plan of the chart represents

A

A specific relationship between the two variables (dimensions) measured along each of the axis lines

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21
Q

For ABA graphs, each point represents

A

A level (amount) of some quantifiable dimension of a target behavior, measured in relation to some point in time or environmental condition.

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22
Q

Line-graphs are used to

A

Evaluate treatment effectiveness and also in functional analyses

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23
Q

List the parts of an equal interval line graph

A

The horizontal x-axis, the vertical y-axis, data points, the data path, condition and phase change lines, condition and phase change labels, and figure legend.

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24
Q

What is the alternative name for the horizontal x-axis

A

Abscissa

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25
Q

The horizontal X-asis typically represents…

A

The passage of time

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26
Q

The X-Axis can be marked according to

A

The needs of the behavior analyst, to promote the most useful analysis.

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27
Q

The X-Axis line can be marked as…

A

Consecutive calendar days, weeks, or months; or by consecutive school days; or by sessions, classes, or any other specified observation periods, over a period of time.

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28
Q

What is the alternative name for the Vertical Y Axis?

A

Ordinate

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29
Q

What does the Veritcal Y-Axis represent?

A

The range of values of the dependent variable (some quantified dimension of the target behavior).

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30
Q

Moving from the zero point upwards along the Y-Axis, each point represents…

A

An increased value of the dependent variable.

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31
Q

In general, the behavior should be expressed in….

A

Whole Time Units, such as “per hour” or “per minute” rather than expressed in non-standard units (e.g., “per class” or “per session”).

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32
Q

Problems with non-standard units

A

Session or class durations can vary, making them difficult to compare.

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33
Q

Generally speaking, for charts of behavior targets for reduction, the Y-axis range should be…

A

About 1.5 times to 2 times the highest value measured during baseline.

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34
Q

You may have to re-chart your data if….

A

The target behavior spikes above the Y-Axis range.

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35
Q

What should the Y-Axis range be for acquisition targets?

A

No convention exists. It depends a great deal on the specific behavior being charted.

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36
Q

For equal-interval line graphs, with clearly defined learning objectives…

A

Extended the Y-axis range enough above the learning goal to allow for excellence - usually 25% to 33% above.

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37
Q

What can be used to represent different dependent variables?

A

Different shapes. This is particularly useful in helping to distinguish between data paths.

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38
Q

Data path

A

A series of straight lines connecting successive data points within a phase or condition.

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39
Q

The data path represents

A

The relationship between the IV and the DV.

40
Q

Each line in a data path represents

A

An estimate of the course taken by the behavior between each point.

41
Q

Phase changes represent one of two types of occurrence:

A
  • Major changes occur in the independent variable (e.g., the introduction or discontinuation of an intervention).
  • A major (usually permanent) change in the environment (e.g., the person moves residences, or sustains a permanent injury).
42
Q

What is placed at a point along the X-Axis to indicate the point in time when the phase change occurred?

A

A solid vertical line.

43
Q

Condition Changes

A
  • Minor changes occur in the independent variable (i.e., a change in some parameter of an on-going intervention).
  • A minor (usually temporary) change in the environment (e.g., the person is temporarily ill or goes on vacation).
44
Q

What is placed at a point in the X-Axis to indicate the point in time when the condition changed?

A

A dotted vertical line.

45
Q

Conditions typically change _____

A

Within phases. Thus, charts may contain only phase change lines, or both phase and condition change lines.

46
Q

______ now represent both condition and phase changes in the majority of published articles in ABA.

A

Dotted vertical lines.

47
Q

The X-axis label states…

A

What time periods are represented by each successive data point (e.g., days, weeks, sessions).

48
Q

The Y-axis label states…

A

What response measure was used to measure the dependent variable - the target behavior (e.g., rate of hits per hour, number of mands)

49
Q

Phase labels are ____

A

Brief, placed at the top of the chart, and identify each separate major phase of treatment (e.g., baseline, DRA, D/C Haldol)

50
Q

Condition change labels ___

A

Mark changes occurring within a phase (e.g., changes in FR schedule, dosages).

51
Q

Figure Legend

A

A concise statement that provides you with sufficient information to identify the dependent variables and the independent variables, and possibly other salient information necessary to visually interpret the data.

52
Q

What four characteristics of the data plotted on the chart must be looked at when analyzing a graph visually?

A

Level, variability, trend, and the number of data points.

53
Q

Level

A

The mean (or rarely, the median value) of a set of data points

54
Q

Trend

A

The directionality of the line drawn through a set of data points

55
Q

Variability

A

The bounce of a set of data points within phases or conditions. The extent to which measures of behavior under the same environmental conditions diverge from one another.

56
Q

The level line

A

A flat horizontal line drawn through a data set at the average value (mean) of those data points.

57
Q

Visual inspection of the mean shift in level can

A

Allow you to evaluate the effect of the change in the independent variable

58
Q

Generally, the X-axis should be about ____ the times the length of the Y-Axis

A

1.6. About an 8:5 (or more simply a 4:3) ratio

59
Q

____ level lines are most common

A

Mean

60
Q

Median lines are used especially when

A

Outlying data points skew the level line in a way that makes it non-representative of the data as a whole.

61
Q

Trends are always described in terms of

A

The direction of the path through the data: increasing, decreasing, or zero (no) trend.

62
Q

Trends are NEVER described as…

A

“First increasing, then decreasing” (those would be two different trends).

63
Q

Trends are also described in terms of….

A

The degree of trend (how rapid is the rate of increase or decrease) and the extend of variability of data around the trend.

64
Q

Trend Lines

A

The direction and degree of trend in a series of graphically displayed data points visually represented with a straight line drawn through the data.

65
Q

Usually the ____ line is used instead of trend line.

A

Best Fit

66
Q

The Best Fit Line

A

A trend line, typically drawn freehand. Bisect the data, with close to an equal number of data points above the line and below the line.

67
Q

The split-middle line of progress method

A

A mathematical way to calculate trend.

68
Q

The split-middle line of progress is sometimes referred to as:

A

The Quarter Intersect Method.

69
Q

One of the ways to visually analyze data is to look at…

A

The presence or absence of an affect on the trend by a phase or condition change.

70
Q

A change in the independent variable is indicated along…

A

The X-Axis

71
Q

To get more confidence in the idea that your minimal data accurately reflect the target behavior, you can:

A

Chart more data based on shorter collection periods.

72
Q

A change in trend alone (without a change in level or variability) can…

A

Constitute a significant change.

73
Q

The opposite of variability

A

Stability

74
Q

The greater the variability, the greater the need for

A

Additional data.

75
Q

A general rule of thumb on connecting data points

A

Do not connect data points across periods (on the X-Axis) where no data exist. (Data lost, data not collected, no opportunity to occur)

76
Q

Variability is determined around…

A

A central reference: the trend line.

77
Q

Variability is not defined by…

A

The full range of the data set.

78
Q

The minimum number of data points needed for visual analysis

A

A bare minimum of three data points. The more variable the data, the more data points are required to make a decision on trend.

79
Q

Connecting across phase and condition change lines

A

DO NOT DO IT.

80
Q

When data on dimensional quantities (such as rate, duration, IRT) are collected during unequal observation periods, those data must be….

A

Converted into comparable units, such as per minute, or per hour.

81
Q

Dimensionless quantities (Whole interval, Partial Interval) are always reported as…

A

Percentages of recorded intervals during which the criterion of the interval was met. Percentages need no conversion to standard units.

82
Q

The cumulative record (or graph) was developed…

A

By Skinner as the primary means of data collection and analysis in EAB laboratory research.

83
Q

Cumulative Recorder

A

An automated device. When in use, the behavior of the experimental subject creates a graph automatically.

84
Q

Cumulative Recorder is primarily used in

A

EAB

85
Q

Rate in cumulative recording is indicated by

A

Slope, not Y-Axis value. The slope in the line represents responses per minute.

86
Q

Problems with cumulative records

A
  • At high rates (slopes above 75-80 degrees), major changes in rate can be very difficult to distinguish.
  • Local rates (# of responses for any given session on a long term record) and gradual changes in slope (rate) can be difficult to distinguish.
87
Q

Bar Graphs

A

Summarize and compare data for different groups of subjects and/or for different conditions

88
Q

Bar graphs are also used to compare sets of data which are

A

Not related to one another by a common underlying dimension by which the horizontal axis can be scaled (time, distance)

89
Q

Improper use of bar graphs

A
  • Should generally not be used to represent changes in repeated measures over time.
  • Should not be used to evaluate client progress on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis.
90
Q

The vertical (y-axis) of a bar graph usually represents the

A

Dependent variable

91
Q

The horizontal (x-axis) of a bar graph represents

A

A phase, condition, or classification variable

92
Q

Celeration Charts are used

A

In precision teaching

93
Q

The standard celeration chart is also known as…

A

Standard Behavior Chart or Semi-log 6-cycle chart

94
Q

Cumulative records are best for

A

Behaviors where cumulative responses are important (such as saving money or exercise)

95
Q

Standard celeration charts are best for

A

Acquisition targets and setting learning objectives

96
Q

How often should you chart your data?

A

Regular basis. Daily, or at minimum, weekly. Usually you should place your next data point on the chart as quickly as possible.

97
Q

Problems in charting

A

Too many dependent variables, dependent variables difficult to see, charts with units that do not reveal trends

BEHP 5012 (7 decks)

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