Unit 9 Flashcards
political and economic factors which existed after versailles
- irish independent
- communism/bolshevism: russia
- facism: italy and germany
- experimental regime: ireland, italy, czech, russia
countries discontent with and demanded a revision of versailles
- germany: revise war quilt clause
- eastern europe: self-determination was ignored
- france: more land, strict force, britain and U.S less sympathic
factors which pulled europe into the great depression
- financial crisis: occupation of ruhr, stock market crash
- lack of production and distribution of goods
- lack of strong gov; failure of Weimar gov; lots of unemployment; lack of need for demands
french occupation of ruhr
- germany can’t pay france
- france military occupy german territory in river valley–international sympathy for germans
- german workers go on strike– get pay still
- start printing paper money
- jan. 1923; passive resistance; hyperinflation
the lausanne conference
era of reparation to a close
british response to the great depression
Labor Party; new P.M Ramsey McDonald; created National Gov.
french response to the great depression`
- popular front
2. 40 hr. work per week; 2 week vacation pay
Irish independence
- Eastern Rising: Dublin Revolt
- sinn fein “ourself alone”
- irish war of independence (1919-21) leader Micheal Collin
1949: republic of ireland born
significance of the ussr in post wwi in europe
- single most important development after wwi
2. creation of ussr “united society of socialist russia
cause and effect of war communism
- Russian Civil War (1917-22)
- bolshevik wanted authorian rule
- war communism because of civil war
- Red (bolshevik) vs White (menscheviks)
the nep “new economic policy”
- allowed some private enterprise outside commanding (banking, industries, shipping)
- capitalism within framework of communism
- by lenin
facts about the third international “comintern”
- model for socialim outside of russia
- 21 conditions: bring socialist back to communism
- created internal division
facts about power struggle between trotsky and stalin
- Trotsky: extreme, radical, parist, wanted industrialization centeralization, marxism, global socialism, didnt like nep
- Stalin: “men of iron”, communism, socialism in one country, didnt like nep, slow industrialization
facts about the 5 year plans
- out produce capitalist country
- created new industrial cities; negative human cause
- stakhanov: model citizen for over-fulfillment
facts about collectivization of agriculture
- stalin replace private farms (ran by kulaks) with state run farm
- kulaks: top 5% of farmers in ussr
stalins purges
- communist leader assassinated– stalin use to justify getting rid of threats
- 100,000’s exile/executed
- from stalins lust for power and suspicions
- replace old bolsheviks; new communist party loyal to stalin
facts and characteristics about fascism
- Strength through unity; conservative
- Anti: Marxist, democrats, Semitic, communist, single party rule, EXTREMELY nationalistic, Machiavelli
- far right; target pro middle class
facts about mussolini
emerge as leader during interwar period
march on rome
Oct. 22-29,1922
- Victor Emmanuel III invite Mussolini to be PM; rule by decree (il Duce)
- Dissolve parliament; single party rule
the lateran accord of 1929
- Peace between RCC and Italian states
- Vatican City born
- Catholic is official religion; levy taxes; pay church land
- Catholic 1st, nationalism 2nd
- fasict seize power in italy
fascist economics
- Make Italy self sufficient
- Corporatism: planned economy linked to private ownership managed by gov.
- Compromise with socialists; corrupted
the role of women in fascist italy
- Be mothers
- Large families; become fascist
- If worked: part time, low wages, less skilled
How Poland came to exist again on the map of Europe
constructed from former territory of russia, austria, germany after wwi
Characteristics of Czechoslovakia in interwar ear
democratic experimental state; buffer zone
Dictatorships of S.E Europe
only czechoslvakia didnt have a dictator
Facts about the Weimar Republic and constitution
- After WWI; end hollenzollern rule (whielm ii)
- Friedrich ebert: face of Weimar Republic
- Constitution was enlighten (new civil liberty) and fraud (small party can gain seat in parliament; pres. appoints own chancellor; rule as a dictator (article 48))
Reasons and examples for the lack of popular support of the Weimar Republic
- Kapp Putch: conservative; right wing
- Ruhr Uprising: left wing;
- resent treaty of versaille; germans wondered why weimar
* highlight both sides of Weimar Republic didn’t support
Hyperinflation
- 1914: 1/4
- 1919: 1/64
- 1922: 1/4.2 trill.
- Led to desperation and look for somebody to bring back status quo
Facts about Hitlers early career
- from austria; wanted to be an artist; served in wwi; joined the nazi’s; introduced to anti-Semitic views
Facts about the Nazis
“National Socialist Party”
- Swastika: strength through unity
- Resent treaty of Versailles
- Anti Semitic
- target unemployed middle class (promise jobs)
- Brown shirts; storm troopers led by Ernst Rohn
- complete subjugation to the state
similarities between Mussolini and Hitler
- recruited WWI veterans
- formed radical militia
- anti: Semitic, marxist, communist
- extreme nationalistic; machevelli
- seized power from force but legally
Mein Kampf
“my struggle”
- hitler want supremacy of aryan race
- lebensraum: expand territories
- anti Semitic
impact of gustav stressemann
- restructure german republic
- abandoned passive resistance
- Rentenmark: new german currency
- Dawes Plan: lower reparation payment; not fixed but variable
- foreign minister
the locarno agreeements
“spirit of Locarno”
- france and german compromise; france support germany entrance of league of nations
- italy recognize as power house
- “spirit” crushed after stock market crashed
how the nazi’s came to power within the reichstag
promised employment; 6 mil. unemployment
how hitler became the chancellor
jan. 1933
- hingdenburg appoint hitler; officially declared Jan. 30, 1933
- failure of political conservative to support middle class
- hindenburg dies; hitler combines chancellor and pres.
ways in which hitler consolidated power
- Reichstag fire: blamed dutch communist; suspended all civil liberty; rule by decree
- enabling act: rights in constitution are suspended; single party rulle
- night of long knives: “the Rohm Putsh” attacked nazi threats; killed commander (Rohr)
phases of nazi anti-semitism
- exclude jews
- racial legislation: luremberg law; determines whos a jew
- final solution: exploitation and extermination
- kristallhacht: “night of broken glass” jewish homes on fire
the roles of women in nazi germany
- child bearing/rearing; more babies= more victories
- natural laborers: domestic service, educators, consumers
- ubermenscien: super race
facts about nazi economic policy
sacrifice civil and political liberty for “strength through joy”
factors/events which led to WWII
wwi+ treaty of versaille+great depression+hitler+nazi
examples of how the league of nations failed
- Manchurian crisis: 1939
- German rearmament: 1935
- Italy attacks Ethiopia: 1935
results of italy’s attack on ethiopia
- emposed economic sanction on italy (failed)
- invades rhineland (1935)
- led to rome berlin axis “pack of steel”: italy alliance with Hiter
consequences of germany’s invasion of the Rhineland
- appeasement: giving in to demands of aggressor to avoid war
- discredit league of nation
facts about the spanish civil war
- francicco franco led the revolt; answered who’ll fight against eacch other in wwii
- fascist victory with help from hitler and mussolini
- dress rehersal at Gurernica: german luftwaffe bombing experiment; pablo picasso;
- anti comintern pact: germany italy, spain, japan (fascist)
german aggression of austria and czechoslovakia
- austria: Anschluss (annex of austria); made treaty of versaille a dead letter
- czechoslovakia: took over Sudetenland (home of germans); wanted unification; Neville Camberlain try to cool hiter down
the munich conference
- excluded soviets
- sudentenland given to hitler; promised thats it; later takes all of czech
- neville chamberlain: our time for peace
- 1938; discredit appeasement
facts about germany’s conquest of europe through 1941
conqured by germany: poland, denmark, norway, france, austria, czech, benelux
the lend-least act
“arsenal of democracy”
1. u.s lends war material to britain if least naval base to us
the battle of britain
“operation sea lion”
- fought in the air; failed
- RAF vs Luftwaffe
- london blitz: assault on citiy; 57 nights; 15,000 killed; didnt defeat british ppl; focus attention on soviets
operation barbarossa
- attack soviets
- originally in may: avoid winter
- hitler sends dessert fox
- battle of stalingrad; german defeat
factors that drew the US into the war
- u.s embargos on japan; gets mad; bomb pearl harbor
2. 1,200 killed; mostly military
facts about the n. african campaign
- nazi: desert fox (rommell) defeated at battle at el-alamein; nazi went in full retreat
- british: motgomery and france: patin sandwich nazis in tunisha
the italian campaign
“operation torch” 1943
- s. front was germany’s soft underbelly
- sicily: fought in air; ally victory; mussolini forced out of power
batttle of stalingrad
- most important battle of e. front; nazi went on full retreat
- 1 mil. russian casualty
- 800,000 german casualty
strategic bombing
- us: precision
2. britain: area
d-day
- june 6,1944
- “operation overlord
- on beach of normandy
- ally victory; led to liberation of france
chronology of major events of wwii
- 4.
- 6.
- 8.
the costs of wwii
40 mil. death in all
HOLOCAUST: victims, statistics, explanation of holocaust
- Victims: untermenschen “under people” undesirable; judenrein: jewish free; final solution
- statistics: 6 mil. killed
- explanation:
- why jews the target? antisemitism; religious and social issues: born from enlightenment
- how? propaganda: brain wash ppl.; extreme nationalism: media; enlightenment: russo’s utopian society
descriptions of the domestic fronts in britain, france, germany and ussr
Britain:
total war; scrap metal rationaling, economic control, high tax
France:
“free people” charles de gaulle; s. vichy pro nazi (marshal petian)
Germany:
total war; propaganda; increase military spending
Soviets:
great patrotic war; inspire nationalism; develop energy on centralization
preparations for peace during and after wwii
- obstacles: communism vs capitalism
- atlantic charter: military alliance between f.d.r and churchill; plan for victory over nazi and post wwii europe
- tehran: “big 3” ussr, britain, u.s; another (western) front to relieve soviet tension
- potsdam: truman; clement attlee; stalin; germany divided into occupation zones
the political movements which shaped the global community since wwii
- collapse of communism
2. retreate of european colonization from world
the iron curtain
churchill; 2 different europe; from n. baltic to s. balkan
american foreign policy after wwii
containment, truman doctrine, marshal plan
- containment: stop spread of communism; intense military spending (soviets do the same thing- can’t afford it)
- truman doctrine: support greek in greek civil war; free ppl resisting deserves help
- marshal plan “european recovery plan”; us aid’s if country cooperate mutually together; prevent another ww; soviets and puppet states refused; western prospers, eastern falls
stalinist policies imposed on e. european states
- goals: single party rule
- collectivization of agriculture (ukraine); control education and domination: -promote communism -against multiparty -against democracy and capitalism; repress religious organization
facts about the post-war division of germany
- soviets sought to take down germany
- blockaid berlin; ally did berlin airlift; divided till fall of berlin in 1989
- w. did new currency; consitution document
NATO and the Warsaw Pact
- north atlantic treaty organization: pro western defensive alliance
- COMECON: economic
Warsaw: military alliance of soviet and puppet states ^
facts about the the creation of israel
- balfour declaration: Palestinian homeland for jews after wwii
- united nations resolution 1947
- israel independence 1948
- sympathy for jews after holocaust
- govn. by league of nations
- us support jews, soviets support arabs
the korean war and the cold war
- 1950-53
- u.s support s. korea; soviets and china support n.
- stalin dies; 50,000 u.s dies
facts about the krushchev era
the secret speech: denounce stalin as true communist; denounce purge and supporters; lessen soviet communism
- peaceful co exsictence; western tour; u.2 spy incident
- 1962: cuban missile crisis
examples of late cold war conflicts
- sputnik: soviet satellite
2. construction of berlin wall; 1962-89
facts about the brezhenev era
- prague spring: liberal communism; led to
- brezhenev doctrine: soviets interfer in domestic policy of other communist state
- nixon’s tradde agreement??
- Star war: reagon’s military arm race; spend soviets into oblivion; sacrifice consumer goods
- 1979: invade afghanistan; u.s victory
gorbachev’s reform
Mikhail Gorbachev
- Perestroika: economic restruction
- Glasnost: “openness” allow criticism and popular discontent
facts about the collapse of european communism
- Most important event of 2nd half of 20th c.
2. fall from soviet rule 1989: poland, czech, baltic, hungary, bosnia, yugoslazia
the fall of the berlin wall and its significance
- 1989: symbol of iraon curtain no more
2. end communism in europe
Khrushchev era: 3 Crisis
- suez crisis: israel v.s egypt; w. pointless w/out u.s help
- polish october: gomulka liberalize polish communism
- hungarian uprising: nagy “^” push soviet troops out; violently suppressed by soviets; soviets willing to do anything to keep puppet state in check
european retreat from decolonization
- nationalistic revolts wwii withdraw power and resources; economic collapse; focus on mother land not colonies
- u.s established sphere of influence
colonial withdrawal
dutch, belguim, angola
- dutch: indonesia
- begiulm: congo??
- angola: liberated from poland
indian independence
- 1947: ghandi; passive resistance
2. rudyard kipling: white man’s burden; jungle book
british didn’t retreat
phillipines
french decolonization
- algeria independence 1962
- charles de gaulle (leader)
- french-indochina: vietnam independence
vladimir putin
- beslan massacre: elementary school
- sacrifice civil rights for economic reform
- appointed dmitri medvedev as pres. but power is with p.m (him)
- critical of u.s involvement in iraq; invade georgia and ukraine??
collapse of yugoslavia
- religious divisions
- civil war with ethnic groups; slobodan milosevi (ethnic cleansing)
- u.s recognize in 2008
