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Ap Euro > Unit 7 (ch. 22+26) > Flashcards

Unit 7 (ch. 22+26) Flashcards

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AP® European History flashcards
0
Q

Uniqueness of the Crimean war

A

Covered by correspondents an photographer

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1
Q

Cause of the Crimean war

Date:

A

1853-56

  • Russia wanted territory in ottoman
  • ottoman give holy sites to Roman Catholic Church
  • Russia invaded Moldova and Wallachia to protect orthodox Christian
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2
Q

Nations involved in Crimean war

A

Britain, France, Ottoman vs. Russia

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3
Q

Facts about Florence nightingale

A
  • founder of modern nursing
  • “lady with the lamp”
  • help increase survivor rate
  • field hospital during Crimean war
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4
Q

Effects of the Crimean war

A

Discredit Russian invincibility and concert of Europe

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5
Q

Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

A

1) Tanzimat “reorganization”
- liberal economy, end tax farming, eliminating corruption, abolish torture
2) 1879 constitution
- political + technology accounted European strength
- parliament appointment chamber of deputies and an elected senate
3) young Turks
- reform officers; modernize empire

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6
Q

Nationalist leaders of Italy and heir significance

A

1) Mazzini: soul
2) garibaldi: sword
3) Cavour: head
4) Emmanuel (Piedmont) magnet

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7
Q

Count Camilo Cavour and philosophical parallels

A
  • consecutive turned liberal
  • nationalism
  • anti republic
  • industrialism
  • Machiavelli: ends justify means
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8
Q

Political ideology and form of government favored by Cavour

A
  • constitutional monarchy: economic and material progress would earn Italian sovereignty
  • moderate conservative
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9
Q

Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III

A

Pact of plombieres

- after attempt assassination on Napoleon III, Napoleon will provoke war with Austria

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10
Q

Circumstance leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian unification

A

Astro- Prussian war

- alliance of Prussia and Italy

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11
Q

Role of Sardinia- Piedmont in Italian unification

A

Buffer state between France and Austria that led the way

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12
Q

Cavour’s keys to unification of Italy

A

1) industrious/economic independence
2) foreign intervention (especially France)
3) national socialist

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13
Q

Facts about/ significance/ role of Garibaldi in Italian unification

A
  • United southern Italy (Sicily + Naples)
  • wanted republic
  • exhibition of the 1,000
  • nationalism won over republicanism
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14
Q

Birth of Italy as a nation date

A

1861

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15
Q

Otto Von Bismarck

A
  • “old blood + iron” “iron chancellor”
  • Machiavellian
  • liberal + reactionary to conservative
  • junker
  • problems would be sortied by war + industry
  • German unification w/out Austria
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16
Q

Two strongest rival states of the German confederation

A

Austria and Prussia

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17
Q

Evidence that Bismarck’s was a pragmatist (quote)

A

” not by speeches or majority vote that the great questions of our time will be decided as that our errors of 1848-49, but rather by iron and blood”

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18
Q

Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German nationalism

A
  • took conservative measures to discredit liberal (wouldn’t help fund military
  • if Germany achieves unification conservatively, than it’ll discredit liberals
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19
Q

Most important political ideology of (date)

A

1848-1914

- German unification

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20
Q

Cause of the Danish war of 1864

A

Shleswig- Holstein problem

  • Denmark wanted to annex ^
  • Prussia and Austria helped defeat Denmark
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21
Q

Effects of 7 weeks war

A

“Austro- Prussian war”

  • Austria defeated + left out of German affairs
  • Prussian dominates north German confederation
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22
Q

Houses of the north Germany confederation government

A

1) Bundestrat: federal council (members appointed by gov. of state)
2) reichstage: House of Commons (elected universal male suffrage)

  • Wilhelm I: president
  • Bismarck: chancellor
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23
Q

The Bads- Ems telegram

A
  • Wilhelmina to Bismarck
  • Bismarck published (alter) it making it seem as though Prussia is insulting France)
  • sparked Franco- Prussian war
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24
Q

Franco Prussian war

Date:

A

1870-71

  • Prussia won
  • Napoleon II exile to England
  • south joined northern confederation to help defeat France
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25
Q

France rollers since 1789

A
  • Louis XVI
  • Napoleon I
  • Louis XVIII
  • Charles X
  • Louis Philippe
  • Napoleon III
  • Adolph Thiers
  • Patrice de MacMahon
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26
Q

Paris commune

A
  • municipal government of Paris eventually crushed by National Assembly
  • experimental socialist gov. after fall of French Republic
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27
Q

Impact of emergence of German empire

A
  • strong stable nation in center all Europe that could threaten other countries
  • Austria lose power
  • France weakened
  • Britain compete with Austria
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28
Q

Dreyfus affair

A
  • Jewish Dreyfus founded guilty for passing secretly info to German army
  • forged
  • Emile Zola published J’accuse (I accuse)
  • brought different groups of liberals against conservative
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29
Q

Facts about 19c. Habsburg empire

A
  • problem to itself and Europe

- dynastic, absolute, agrarian

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30
Q

The Ausgleich of (date)

A

1867

- compromise between Austria and Hungary “dual alliance”

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31
Q

Czech trialism and opposition to it

A

Triple monarchy, opposed by Magyars

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32
Q

Reforms do Alexander II

Date when he end serfdom

A

1) social: abolish serfdom 1861; redemption payment
2) administrative: communes (eldest) zemstvos (landlords)
3) judicial: equality before law
4) military: from 25-15 yrs of service; 6 yrs active
5) Poland: Russification (take over Poland)

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33
Q

Problems of serfdom in Russia

A
  • noneffective (economy)
  • dangerous (revolts)
  • ineffective military
  • viewed immoral
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34
Q

Impact that emancipation had on Russia

A
  • failed (no support)
  • Assassination attempt on Tsar Alexander
  • became reactionary ^
  • Russia became a police state
  • stoke Alaska
35
Q

Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WWI

A
  • Russia attacks Szlachta

- Russification: emposed Russian culture

36
Q

Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II

A
  • Alexander Herzen News paper article “the bell”
  • polulism movement
  • land and freedom “the people’s will”
37
Q

Significance of William Gladstone’s ministry

Date:

A

1868-74

  • father a British liberalism
  • opportunities based on merit
  • abolished purchasing officer position
  • Secret ballets
  • education act
  • for Irish home rule
38
Q

Facts about Benjamin Disraeli

A
  • protect from class conflicts
  • public health act: gov. interfere to ensure citizens well-being
  • artisan housing act: housing for working class
39
Q

Ireland’s movement for home rule

A
  • Irish autonomy for local government and land management
  • Charles Stuart Parnell: gathered 85 Irish consituent into a voting block
  • Home rule bill of 1912
40
Q

Significance of new German Empire in Europe

A
  • Newness of diplomatic relation
  • resources, industrial economy, strong military
  • New rival: Britain
  • Austria weakened
  • France a republic
  • backwardness of Russia weakened
41
Q

Bismarck’s goal for Germany

A
  • “honest broker”

- Prevent war that could threaten German gains in it’s unification

42
Q

Facts about Russo Turkish war

Date:

A

1877

  • Russia seize Black Sea region
  • alarmed Austria and Britain
  • treaty of San Stefano
  • free Slavic of Turkish rule
43
Q

1) Three emperors league:
2) Triple Alliance:
3) Dual alliance:
4) Entente cordials:
5) Triple entente:

A

1) Germany, Austria, Russia
2) Germany, Austria Hungary, Italy
3) Germany, Austria Hungary
4) France, Britain
5) France, Britain, Russia

44
Q

facts about kaiser William II and political goals

A
  • believed in Devine rights
  • wanted recognition/ equality with Britain
  • wanted navy and colonies like Britain (against Bismarck’s policy)
  • dismissed Bismarck
45
Q

The power keg of Europe

A

Balkan

46
Q

Factors that lead to WWI

A

Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

47
Q

Impact of 2 Morocco crisis

A
  • France vs Germany
  • France gave territory in African
    Congo to Germany
  • Britain and France stronger than ever
48
Q

Facts and significance about the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
Date:

A

June 28, 1914

- black hand “unity of death” member Gavrilo Princpi shot him

49
Q

Response from the dual alliance and triple entente following the assassination of Francis Ferdinand

A 
Dual "central": 
- Germany: blank check to Austria
- Austria: ultimatum (impossible to meet) declared war on Serbia 
Triple "Allie":
- Russia: mobilize troops
- France: blank check to Austria
- Britain: International diplomats
50
Q

First country to mobilize against Russia

A

Germany

51
Q

The Schieffen plan

A
  • Germany plan to prevent two front war

- hoping Belgium will let them in

52
Q

Reasons Germany was blame for the war

A
  • Declared war
  • blank check to Austria
  • bad allies
53
Q

Potential numbers of trained/equipped soldiers available for countries in the war

A
  • Britain: 711,000
  • Russia: 1,200,000
  • Germany: 2,200,000
  • Italy: 750,000
  • France: 1,250,000
  • U.S.: 150,000
  • Austria-Hungary: 810,000
54
Q

Facts/characteristics/ battles of the Western front

A
  • Battle of the Marne
  • trench warfare
  • Wilfred Owen: dulce decorum est “sweet and fitting it is”
55
Q

Weapons used during the WWI

A

Machine guns, artillery, poison gas, big Bertha, tank, airplanes, submarines (u- boats) zeppelin

56
Q

New entries into the war starting in 1915 and the side they joined

A
  • central: ottoman, Bulgaria

- Allie: Romania, Italy, Japan

57
Q

Colonel T. E. Lawrence and his role during WWI

A
  • Stirred Arab nationalistic revolts against Ottoman Empire

- nicknamed Lawrence of Arabia

58
Q

Factors about the battle of Gallipoli

Date:

A

1915

  • British attacked ottoman
  • Allie failed
  • wanted to open supply lines with Russia
  • lead by Winston Churchill
  • New Zealand and Australia joins
59
Q

Reasons for US country in WWI

Date:

A

1917

  • sinking of Lusitania (128 us died)
  • Zimmerman’s note (Germany will help Mexico gain territory if help)
  • Russian revolution (Russia out)
60
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s view of WWI

A

“to make war safer for democracy”

61
Q

Cause of the March revolution in Russia

A
  • tsar Nicolas II collapsed
  • Bolsheviks seized power over provisional gov.
  • monarchy ability to govern sucked
62
Q

Significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs

A

Undermined the position of the tsar and his government after 1911

63
Q

Facts about the Bolshevik

A
  • lead by Lenin “peace, bread and land”
  • demanded all political power go to soviets
  • ruled Russia after armed assault on provisional gov.
64
Q

Description and significance of Soviets

A

Local economic and political council organized by peasants ❓

65
Q

Actions of Bolshevik after seizing power

A
  • red army disbursed national constituents
  • took Russia out of war
  • turned gov. over to peasants
66
Q

Treaty of Brest- Litovsk

A
  • Russia peace with Germany
  • Russia out, US in
  • Germany thought they can focus on the Western front now
67
Q

Last German offensives

A
  • allies launched counter offense
  • failed
  • in Western front
  • 2nd battle of Marne
68
Q

Casualties of WWI

A
  • 10 million died, 20 million wounded
  • central: 4 million killed
  • Allie: 5 million killed
  • innocent: 1 million killed
69
Q

effects of the war

A

1) casualties
2) political: colonial power
3) economic: Europe become debtor instead of creditor
4) USA: strongest and most stable country
5) communism
6) fascism
7) WWII: WWI mother to WWII

70
Q

Results/effects of treaty of Versailles and sevres regarding the Ottoman Empire

A

❓

71
Q

Facts about the Greco- Turkish war

Date:

A

1919-22

  • Greeks wanted to overtake turks
  • mustafa Kemal “ attaturk”
  • defeated Greeks, 1923: Greek independent
72
Q

The “ big four”

A

1) Woodrow Wilson: USA
2) David Lloyd George: I.K
3) George Clemenceau: France
4) Vittorio Orlando: Italy

73
Q

Obstacles two peace face by the “big four”

A

1) publicity: Accounted to public opinion
2) Woodrow Wilson: idealist principle of 14 point
3) nationalism: Others wanted
independence
4) The victors: Secret treaty promises weren’t met
5) bolshevism
6) treaty of Versailles
7) League of Nations

74
Q

The terms demanded of Germany in the Treaty of Versailles

Treaty of Versailles date

A

1918-19

  • sold Saar to pay for war
  • rhines: buffer zones, no Armed Forces (lasted for 15 yrs)
  • disarming: no more than 100,000 troops
  • limited: Navy, submarines, warplanes, tanks, poison gas
75
Q

Facts about the league of Nations

A
  • Britain, France, Italy, Japan, US
  • to respect and preserve territorial integrity
  • non-affective: no military or Armed Forces
76
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points

A

1) self determination: individual groups determine types of nation
2) Open diplomacy: no secret alliances
3) freedom of seas
4) disarming of military
5) internal peacekeeping organization: League of Nations

77
Q

WWI and it’s impact on European colonialism

A

❓

78
Q

Criticisms regarding the terms of the Paris peace settlement/ treaty of Versailles

A

1) John Maynard Keynes: “economic consequences of peace”
- attacked Treaty of Versailles, saying it will lead to WWII
2) France: punishment weren’t harsh enough; didn’t like alliance with Britain
3) England + US: too harsh

79
Q

German unification date

A

1871

80
Q

Italian unification date

A

1851

81
Q

Morocco crisis date

A

1905- 1911

82
Q

Balkan war date

A

1912- 13

83
Q

Russian Revolution date

A

March and November 1917

84
Q

Creation of turkey date

A

1923

Ap Euro (4 decks)

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