Unit 6 (ch. 20-21) Flashcards
Nationalisms conflict with principles of the congress of Vienna
Didn’t like
• Legitimacy: hieratory monarch (bourbon)
• multi nationalism: not in same ethnicity or state
• popular sovereignty: ppl. have the power
Characteristics of nationalism
- Most important force/ ideology of 19th c.
* shared culture identity: language, religion, gov., ethnicity, geography, leader, history, policy
Regions of 19th c. liberals
- Britain: Irish independence
- Austria: German unification
- Italy: Italian unification
- Russia: Polish independence
- E. Europe:
- S.E Europe: Balkan independence
Definition of liberals according to conservative
• anything/ anyone oppose of conservative power
- traditional monarchy, church, aristocrats, govern.
Political goals of 19th century liberals
- achieve constitutional gov. (Equality, religious toleration)
- Britain and France (keep civic rights and expand electorate)
- German and Austria (conservative resistance, unify Germany)
19th c. life falls and the origins of their ideas
- Age of reasoning
* Age of Enlightenment
Economic goals of 19th c. liberals
Lasses faire:
• favored economic system, not mercantilism
• separate from working class
•remove internal trade, gill system/labor union
• encourage talent instead of property of bloodline
• agricultural innovation
Major pillars of 19th c. conservative
- Throne: afraid of representatives gov.
- land; nobilities: afraid of lost privileges, old regime, enlightenment
- alter; church: fear loss of power, social status, dechristianization
Klemens von Metternich
• Austrian Empire
• most influential conservative authority; driving force of congress of Vienna
• Habsburg empire (hotspot for liberal and nationalism)
Dynastic integrity:
-multicultural wanted to unite as nation
-wanted suppress liberalism and nationalism, prevent constitutionalism
Burschenschaftens
• Fraternity group • clubs wanted to achieve liberal, national change • wanted unification of Germany Carlsbad decreed: - dissolve Burschenschaftens - attacked groups that sought reform
Spa field riot
- dec. 1816
- London
- illegal to gather
- reaction to lord Liverpool’s ministery
- suspension of habious corpus (due process of law)
Peterloo Massacre
- 1819
- in Manchester
- 11 protestors died
- local vs. Royals
- rise up against Cohesive Act (suspension of habious corpus)
- led to creation of 6 Acts
Six Acts
By lord Liverpool
• forbid unauthorized meeting
• rise fines for suspicious libels (sued for bad talking)
• speedy trial (prevent time for legal representation)
• increase price of newspaper article
• prohibited armed groups
• allowed non warranted house search
Louis XVIII as monarch
• constitutional monarchy Charter: -chamber of peers and chamber of disputes • reaffirm Rights of Men's • Catholicism is official religion • became conservative after Charles X • bourbon
Major powers of congress of Vienna
Russia, Prussia, Austria, Britain
Concert of Europe
- resolve international issue
- prevent war in France
- congress system (congress of aix Le chapel)
- greatest achievement of congress of Vienna
Ferdinand VII’s rule after the fall of Napoleon
• ruled in Spain
• originally constitutional gov., change mind
• dissolve Cortès
• order Spanish troops to put down Latin America; revolt by not going; agreed to rule constitutionally again
• Congress of Troppau
-Protocol of Troppau: declared that stable governments could intervene militarily if in danger of liberal revolution
Demand of treaty of London,1827
• Turkish recognition of Greek independence
Greece, England, France
Major accomplishments of George Canning
- Pulled Britain out of continental affairs
- focused in Western Hemisphere
- prime minister
Revolts in Mediterranean Europe
- Greek revolution of 1821
* Serbian independence
Spark of independence movements throughout Latin America
- wars of French Revolution
* wars of Napoleon
Toussaint L’ Overture impact on Latin American independence
- Governor General in Haiti
- leader of Italian slave rebellion
- abolished slavery in Haiti
Tsar Alexander I and political reforms
suppress liberal and nationalism
Events that exposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers
- wars of Napoleon
* Russia occupy parts of France
Tsar Alexander’s successor
Nicolas
Northern and southern society
- Northern: moderate, constitutional, abolished serfdom, preserve privileges of boyars
- Southern: radical, representative gov, abolished serfdom, liberal
Nicolas I view on serfdom
It was an evil but not a right time to go away
Slogan of Tzar Nicholas I
Orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism
Uniqueness/ significance of the Decembrist revolt
- 1st real Russian revolution with specific reform in mind
- wanted constitutional monarchy
- 60 killed
- wanted Constitution to limit tsar power
Russian Tsar and infringements upon other countries
- Govern Poland as a puppet state
* Poland is colony of Russia
Four ordinances
- passed by Charles X
- aimed at liberal reform
- dissolve chamber of disputes: cause for new elections
- for absolutism
- restricted freedom of press
- limited franchises of the wealthy
Charles X and his domestic policies
- reimbursed aristocrats who lost land in French rev.
- restored primogeniture
- believed in devine right of king
- protected Catholic Church
Facts about Louis Philippe
- former Duke of Wellington
- “July monarchy” “king of the French”
- chose by the ppl.
- liberal policies
- expanded Algeria
- end of bourbon
Great reform bill and its impact on the English electorate
- expand English electorate
- voting increased by 50% (200,000 voters)
- revolution is unnecessary
- ground work for future reform
Daniel O’Connell
- “liberator” of Irish
- won seat in British parliament, was catholic so couldn’t
- wanted Irish independence
- pass catholic Emancipation Act
Great Britain and its supporter for independence in Latin America
- for Latin American reform
* weakened Spain to open economic trade in Latin America
Major events taking place in 1830
- Serbian independence
- greek independence
- November uprising
- July rev.
- Belgian rev.
French ruler from 1804-1848
Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe
Where the industrial revolution encouraged Britain to invest in early 19th c.
United States and Latin America
Population growth in Britain, France, Germany
- Britain: 16-21
- France: 32-36
- Germany: 26-33
Impact on cities due to 19th c. urbanization
Crime, pollution, disease, exhausted resources, starvation
Emancipation of serfs in France, Prussia, Austria, Russia
- France: August. 1789
- Prussia: 1815
- Austria: 1848
- Russia: 1861
Cause and effects of the Irish famine of 1845-49
• plantation: English exploiting Ireland
• poor laws: landowners take care of its worker, lead to mass eviction of Irish
• blight: too dependent on potatoes
• penal law: anti catholic social law on Irish
• emigration:
-1841: 8 mil
-1901: 4.5i mil
Results of railway improvements on consumer goods
• focus production on capital wealth instead of consumer (⬅️becomes cheaper)
Limits of workers in the new labor marketplace
Workers had no say of amount, type, quality, or price of product
Proletarianization
- Labor becomes wage commodity
* labor force of 19th c.
Chartist reform movement/ measures
1st organized working class with specific labor goals
British chartism
- Peoples charter: aimed for gov reform wanted electorate
- mostly peaceful, except Luddites
- not successful
Purpose behind construction of the crystal palace
Great expedition: show products are compatible
Relationship between man and wives in early factories
- man: employers
* wives and children: assistance to men
English factory act of 1833
- under 9 can’t work
- limited to 9 hrs of work
- had to pay 2 hrs of workers education
Workers hour after 1847
Limited to 10 hrs of work
Requirements of new jobs for women in textile factories
Less skilled jobs, textile works, in the home
Women and employments in France
France: Land (agricultural)
Germany: domestic
First organize police force
1828 in Paris
Trends of criminal activities
Rise until 1860 with the new police
Reason British criminals sent to Australia
Transportation: capital punishment for hard criminals
The auburn system and Philadelphia system
- Europeans follow the model of United States
- go for prisoner reform
- Separated prisoners at all time
- backfired cuz lead to mental issues
Classical economists and economic growth
- ideas of Adam Smith’s Wealth of Nations (laissezz faire)
* wanted free enterprise but gov should have role to enforce contract…
Thomas Malthus, essay on the principle of population and his views
- resources will out strip by population
- lower wages
- change (limit) family economy
David Ricardo, principles of politic economy and his views
- Iron law of wages: low wage to prevent over population
* wages +, + babies, + labor, - money, - baby
Jeremy Bentham and utilitarianism
• utilitarianism: greatest happiness for greater number of people (labor force)
- tied to classical economic
Utopian socialist movement
• Saint simonianism
• owenism
• fourierism
•
Count Claude Henri de saint Simon
• Technocracy: board of directors manage wealth and property
- ppl experts in all fields
- social harmony, no redistribution of health
- advocated extra marrial sexy, led to less followers
Anarchists
- reject gov, industrialism, capitalism
- August blanqui:
blanquism: advocated professional revolutionaries
- increase radical violent mean
Pierre- Joseph Proudhon:
What is property: attacked banking system
Mutualism: big and small business give each other what they need
“Anarchy is order”
Karl Marx and the communist manifesto
• revolution through class conflicts
(Proletarians emerged as dominant classless society)
• competitive nature of capitalism would consume itself, lead to revolution
• by Friedrich Engels
• not popular till 20th c.
• ideas from Hegel
Sources of inspiration for communist manifesto
- Hegel: thesis, antithesis, synthesis
- utopian socialist: property redistribution
- classical economists: British
Regions of revolution of 1848
- France
- Austria: Vienna, Hungary, Czech Republic, n. Italy
- Italy
- Germany: Prussia, Poland
Makeup of revolutionaries of 1848
- political liberals
- nationalist
- urban ppl.
Results of 1848-49 revolution
- all failed
- lack of unity
- conservative gov. too strong
Louis Philippe and his confrontation with the public
- corrupted
- prim minister Francoise Guizol (1848 over throne)
- disconnected gov
Origin of 1848 revolution
France
Facts about French Revolution of 1848
- Louis over thrones, cause for new gov. (2nd French republic
- new leader pres. Louis Bonaparte
- fell cuz lack of unity
Feminist movements in revolutionary Europe
- Vesuvian: radical; wanted house hold equality; to serve in French military; equal dress code
- Voix de femmes: conservative; be considered as valuable women in homes; better education; economic security; property right; right to vote
- mostly out down
Actions of the Hungarians during the Magyar revolt
- Attempt to annex Transylvania, Croatia, Slovak nations
* liberals and nationalist worked against each other
Split between German working class and German liberals
- not unify for what they want
- workers wanted better wages and conditions
- liberals wanted German unification
Facts about Italian revolution of 1848
- Piedmont
- Rome declared republic in 1849
- lasted 5 days
- French invasion stopped this⬆️
- Giuseppe Mazzini and Garibaldi: wanted the Italian unification
Facts about German unification
- king Frederick William IV
- dissolved Prussian consituant assembly (too radical)
- William deny leadership, believed right of king
- grossedeutsch (with Austria) vs. Kleindutsch (w/ Austria)
- ALL revolution of 1848 failed
