Unit 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Commissural fibers (White matter)
A
connect R/L hemispheres
2
Q
corpus callosum (white matter)
A
primary pathway between hemispheres
lesion = disconnection syndromes
‘split brain’
3
Q
anterior commissure (white matter)
A
R/L temporal lobes
largely auditory
4
Q
Association fibers
A
connections within hemisphere
superior longitudinal fasciculus
5
Q
superior longitudinal fasciculus
A
Language center stuff
6
Q
McGuire effect
A
multimodal visual and auditory thang
7
Q
Primary areas
A
primary sensory/motor/visual where it enters and exits
8
Q
primary visual area is what number and where ?
A
area 17, occipital lobe
9
Q
Foveal has a very small representation in the primary portion of occipital lobe, t or f
A
false, there is a huge foveal field representation in brain
10
Q
loss of specific region of CL visual field
A
lesion in the primary visual area/occipital lobe
11
Q
macular sparing
A
maintaining central vision
12
Q
Visual association areas, where and and what numbers?
A
just rostral to posterior occipital lobe, 18 and 19
Where path way goes rostral (up and forward)
What path way goes caudal (down and forward)
13
Q
a lesion in _______ pathway causes motion blindness?
A
where (dorsal) pathway
14
Q
What would a lesion in the visual ventral pathway cause?
A
Ventral pathway = what pathway
Visual agnosia, prosopagnosia, color agnosia
15
Q
what primary portion is in the post central gyrus?
A
primary somatosensory area - S1 - area 3,1,2
16
Q
primary somatosensory area - what number ?
A
area 3, 1, 2
17
Q
what info is carried to S1 3,1,2
A
cutaneous and conscious proprioceptive info from mVPL/VPM thalamus
18
Q
where is the sensory homunculus?
A
in S1 , area 3,1,2
19
Q
a lesion in the primary somatosensory area causes what?
A
loss of contralateral sensation , but needs to be a big lesion
20
Q
Somatosensory association area (S2)
A
areas 5,7
Function(s)
multimodal sensations
visual, somatosensory
influences salience of stimuli
attention, motivation
Lesions
Agnosia
loss of sensory interpretation
many subtypes
21
Q
What is the broadmans area of S2
A
area 5,7
S2=5,7=somatosensory association areas
22
Q
Prosopagnosia
A
can identify eye, lips, etc, but not recognize face
23
Q
Agraphesthesia (cutaneous kinesthesia)
A
difficulty recognizing a familiar form (number/letter) traced on the area of skin (back, palm, etc….)
24
Q
Astereoagnosia (stereoanesthesia)
A
tactile amnesia (tactile agnosia)
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
25
Which hemisphere involves SPATIAL ATTENTION? Non dominant parietal lobe or dominant parietal lobe?
SPATIAL ATTENTION is in the non dominant hemisphere in parietal lobe
26
what would a lesion in the non dominant parietal lobe bring about?
CL neglect,
ignore stimuli on left side
motor neglect = does not use left arm
27
Dominant hemisphere of parietal lobe helps what?
helps assemble info for motor planning
28
what would a lesion in the dominant hemisphere parietal lobe cause?
apraxia
inability to plan/perform motor task despite intact motor system
(damage often spreads to language areas)
29
A lesion of the dominant side of parietal lobe rarely results in neglect?
true, the R side takes over with spatial processing ( non dominant side deals with spatial attention in parietal lobe)
30
What is parietal lobe area 9?
angular gyrus of parietal lobe
31
in parietal lobe, angular gyrus - broadmens area 9 does what?
Function(s)
interpretation of language, math; cognition
Lesions
dyslexia
agraphia
acalculia
32
Parietal eye fields help with what?
scanning/tracking eye movements
Smooth pursuit
33
smooth pursuit and scanning / tracking eye movements can be affiliated with which aspect of brain?
parietal lobe
34
What on earth is the supramarginal gyrus?
supramarginal gyrus, area 40, in parietal lobe deals with interpretation of language
Lesions can bring about
Sensory aphasia
Sensory dysprosodia
35
TEMPORAL LOBE
Primary auditory area
area 41
Function(s)
auditory information
from cochlea
tonotopic
frequency map
Lesions
rarely disabling
due to strong bilateral input
bilateral lesion
deafness
36
Primary auditory area has what broadmens number?
area 41 in the superior aspect of the temporal lobe (temporal lobe moves like this - superior , middle and inferior temporal gyri
37
Lesions of primarily auditory area rarely disabling due to _____
strong B input, will need a bilateral lesion to cause deafness
38
cochlea to area 41 or better known as
primary auditory area
39
Auditory association area, broadmens, function, lesions
area 42
Function(s)
combines auditory information
Lesions
bilateral lesion
auditory agnosia
cannot interpret significance of sound
40
TEMPORAL LOBE
Wernicke’s area
area 22 of dominant hemisphere
usually left
posterior part of superior temporal gyrus & surrounding parietal regions
Function(s)
production & interpretation of spoken & written language
Lesion
Fluent aphasia
aka –sensory aphasia
Wernicke’s aphasia
receptive aphasia
use inappropriate or nonsense words
difficulty interpreting language
41
Lesion in which area causes fluent aphasia?
wernickes area , area 22 , temporal lobe area, on dominant side
42
wernickes area is kind of in a few lobes, which ones?
parital/temporal/occiptal Of dominant side
43
Fluent aphasia
use inappropriate or nonsense words, difficulty interpreting language
Inability to understand what is being spoken, “walk over there and pick up the blue cup.” They will look at you like your crazy, sometimes they can talk just find by end up saying nonsense words, and also talk a lot
44
Fluent aphasia or sensory aphasia or wernickes aphasia would be due to a lesion in the
temporal lobe , area 22 DOMINANT, wernickes
45
area 22 of non dominant is where
in temporal lobe
46
area 22 of non-dominant hemisphere
Function(s)
comprehension of non-verbal components of language
=prosody
Lesion
sensory aprosodia
difficulty interpreting language rhythm/tone/stress of speech
may even have trouble understanding body language
47
Prosody
comprehension of non-verbal components of language, music of language
48
sensory aprosodia
Let’s EAT grandma
difficulty interpreting language rhythm/tone/stress of speech
may even have trouble understanding body language
49
Primary motor area (M1) in FRONTAL LOBE
area 4
precentral gyrus
Function(s)
major site of voluntary muscle control
motor homunculus
Lesions
all symptoms are contralateral
short-term= flaccid paralysis
long-term= hemiparesis w/spasticity
50
Area 4
primary motor area
51
majorly side of wonuntary muscle control and the motor homonculus?
primary motor area 1 , pre central gyrus
52
Lesion at the primary motor M1 would be ?
all symptoms are contralateral
short-term= flaccid paralysis
long-term= hemiparesis w/spasticity
53
If someone had long term hemiparesis with spasticity what would u assume ?
lesion at the M1 primary motor area
54
Pre-motor & Supplementary motor areas Are in which lobe ?
Frontal lobe
55
Pre-motor & Supplementary motor areas In which broadmens area?
6, premotor and supplementary motor areas of frontal lobe
56
Pre-motor & Supplementary motor areas , every thing about it
area 6
Function(s)
voluntary muscle control
stimulation produces more holistic movements than M1
Lesions
focal lesions produce few symptoms
when in combination with M1,
much more serious impairments
e.g., contralateral spastic paralysis
57
FRONTAL EYE FIELDS , everything about it
area 8
Function(s)
initiation & guidance of saccades
Lesions
loss of conjugate gaze
eyes move toward damaged side
inability to look to contralateral side
irritative lesion
e.g., epilepsy
eyes look away from damage
inability to look to ipsilateral side
58
A lesion in the frontal eye fields would cause _____
loss of conjugate gaze
eyes move toward damaged side
inability to look to contralateral side
irritative lesion
e.g., epilepsy
eyes look away from damage
inability to look to ipsilateral side
59
If someone got loss of conjugate gaze where eyes move towards damaged side and inability to look to CL side, what lesion would us assume?
Lesion in the frontal eye fields , area 8,
60
irritative lesion ?
area 8, frontal eye fields, epilepsy
Eyes look away from damage and have the inability to look to the ipsilateral side
61
Broca’s area - broadmens numbers and where?
Frontal lobe, area 44 and 45 of DOMINANT hemisphere
62
Broca’s area
areas 44,45 in dominant hemisphere
Function(s)
motor production of language
premotor for speech
Lesions
nonfluent aphasia
aka – Broca’s aphasia
expressive aphasia
halting, poor speech
dysarthria
poor motor control of speech
agraphia
inability to write
interpretation is not affected
63
Lesions of 44 and 45 of dominant hemisphere bring about what type of aphasia?
nonfluent aphasia, brocas aphasia, expressive aphasia
64
Dysarthria
poor motor control of speech
65
agraphia
inability to write
66
brocas aphasia characteristics, besides that its in the dominant brain
Issues pre motor for speech only!
They still have ability to understand and interpret
They broke their speech muscles , can get it out of their mouth
67
areas 44,45 in non-dominant hemisphere, which lobe ?
Frontal
68
areas 44,45 in non-dominant hemisphere, all of it
Function(s)
prosody
fluctuations in pitch, tone, loudness, melody, timing, pauses, stresses, intensity of speech
Production of the music of speech
Lesions
motor aprosodia/dysprosodia
disruption of expression of non-verbal aspects of speech
69
Motor aprosodia/dysprosodia
disruption of expression of non verbal aspects of speech, they have a hard time with the production of the music of speech
70
Arcuate Fasciculus
aka – superior longitudinal fasciculus
Function(s)
white matter connection between Wernicke’s & Broca’s areas
parietal to frontal lobes
Lesion
conduction aphasia
language comprehension ~intact
speech ~intact
impaired repetition
Can’t repeat a sentence and get stuck in that
“Conduct”
71
Prefrontal areas
areas 10,11,12
Function(s)
executive functions
planning, decision making
personality, insight
Lesions
see specific regions
72
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Function(s)
working memory
short-term memory
~30 seconds
Lesions
problems with planning and attention
73
Ventromedial prefrontal cortex
includes orbitofrontal & anterior cingulate cortex
Function(s)
switching behaviors
decision making
Lesions (e.g., Phineas Gage)
impulsiveness
cannot suppress emotions
poor decision making
may be lack of insight (Damasio)
perseveration
akinetic mutism
apathy
74
Executive decision to stop doing something and switch to something else
ventromedial prefrontal cortex, executive stuff
75
perseveration
to keep on persevering
76
perseveration is used during lobotomies to take this part of frontal lobe out of someone who can not stay calm, take it out, then make them stay calm
true
77
perseveration was a way of controlling patients ?
true
78
vertromedial prefrontal cortex is the angel on ur shoulder that tells you to calm down and not have road rage after you had an emotion mixed with a motivation
true
79
anterograde amnesia
can not store new data
80
retrograde amnesia
can not recall old data
81
Declarative memory
who what where why, facts
82
procedural memory
motor learning
83
implicit memory
emotional memory/learning
84
Four Types of Memory
H.M. - case study
bilateral lesion of the hippocampus
Hippocampus
lesion = anterograde amnesia
declarative memory
“facts”
required to put facts into long term memory
Cerebellum
motor learning
“procedural learning”
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
working memory
short term memory
Amygdala
implicit (emotional) memory
aversive learning
