Unit 10 Flashcards by mark m

Meninges has how many layers? Names?

3 layers with a space between

SKULL
Dura
Arachnoid

Sub arachnoid space CSF

Pia
BRAIN/spinal cord

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if it has the name of a bone in it that is an air cavity in the bone to lighten the skull , sphenoid/sinus

true

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Dural sinuses

acting as veins within the dura mater

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dural sinuses

provide venous drainage for the brain and eventually lead to the internal jugular vein

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Dural processes, dural folds/dural septa, double layers of dura to do what?

separate brain regions

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falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are what?

these are dural processes which separate stuff in brain
Falx cerebri-between hemispheres
Tentorium cerebelli-between cerebrum and cerebellum

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Epidural space

between dura and skull

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sub dural space

between dura and arachnoid

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subarachnoid space

between arachnoid and pia, normally contains CSF

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Where is CSF?

in the sub arachnoid space which is between arachnoid and pia

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Ventricles are filled with what ?

CSF

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lateral ventricles use the _______ foramen to connect the R/L lateral ventricles with the 3rd ventricle

interventricular foramen

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3rd ventricle uses the _______ ________ to connect to the 4th ventricle

cerebral aqueduct

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fourth ventricle has CSF exit to subarachnoid space of spinal cord through three foramen…. What are they?

R/L lateral foramen
Midline foramen

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What is a subarachnoid hemorrhage?

when blood is in the subarachnoid space

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Choroid plexus

makes CSF in ventricles

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the choroid plexus fills _____ ______ and _____

ventricles, central canal, subarachnoid space

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CSF helps to do what ?

cushion and insulate the brain when outside the brain, wash away waste while in side the brain

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The CSF is reabsorbed by the ______ villi

arachnoid

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CSF is basically filtered blood and it is filtered by the ________

Choroid plexus

Hydrocephalus

Abnormal increase in CSF
may be caused by obstructions
may result in enlarged ventricles
pressure on brain regions
Treatment
shunt to relieve pressure
often to peritoneal cavity

Blood Brain Barrier

Chemical/physical separation of neurons from blood
selective transport
may limit drug efficacy
Glial cells - astrocyte - chooses what chemicals can get across.
Chemotherapy cant get across
That why radiation or surgery is used for brain cancer

Stroke and infarction

Stroke
abrupt incidence of vascular insufficiency
3rd leading cause of death in US
Infarct (= consequence of stroke)
region of necrotic tissue
may be due to stroke, embolism, etc.
lacune = small lesion
“lacunar strokes”

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

temporary
symptoms resolve within 24 hours
usually within 1 hour
huge indicator of risk of future strokes

FAST

Face drooping Arm weakness Speech Time to move Sudden numbness/weakness of face arm leg, sudden speech issues, sudden balance problems

Hemorrhage Stroke

less common (10-15%) bleeding Caused by: hypertension anticoagulants - bleeding/leaking is the issue, people on blood thinner -we do not want to give them blood thinner

Ischemic Stroke

more common decrease in blood flow Caused by: thrombus/embolism much better outcomes if treated in 3 hours -plaque buildup or embolism -would want to give them blood thinner

Blood supply to brain, circle of Willis inputs?

L and R internal carotid artery Vertebral/basilar artery

blood supply to brain, circle of Willis outputs?

anterior cerebral artery Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery Small perforating arteries -diencephalon -internal capsule -limbic structures -pons

Anterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies medial regions of each hemisphere lower body regions of both motor & sensory cortex cingulate cortex prefrontal cortex orbitotemporal internal capsule & basal ganglia

Cingulate cortex, a large part of limbo system that helps process pain/regulate emotions, is supplied by which cerebral artery ?

ACA

basal ganglia, which is by the ear area that has the substantial nigra and deals with emotion, decision making, learning, motor control, is supplied with blood by which cerebral artery ?

ACA

internal capsule is supplied with blood by which cerebral artery?

ACA anterior cerebral artery Vertebral

the prefrontal cortex, orbitotemporal which is involved in decision making, is supplied with blood by which cerebral artery ?

ACA

medial regions of the brain are supplied with blood by the ____

ACA

the middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the _____ regions of the each hemisphere

lateral

Middle Cerebral Artery

Supplies lateral regions of each hemisphere arm/face regions of both motor & sensory cortex prefrontal cortex dorsolateral association areas part of optic tract

The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which does working memory/short term memory 30 seconds, is supplied by which cerebral artery?

the middle cerebral artery , MCA

the arm/face regions of body motor and sensory cortex are supplied with blood by the ________ cerebral artery ?

Middle, the middle cerebral artery supplies blood to LATERAL regions of each hemisphere

the middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the association areas? T or f

Part of the optic tract is supplied with blood by which cerebral artery ?

The middle cerebral artery, MCA

the lower body regions of both motor and sensory cortex are supplied with blood by which cerebral artery?

anterior cerebral artery , ACA supplies blood to MEDIAL regions of each hemisphere

Posterior Cerebral Artery

Supplies occipital lobe inferior temporal lobe esp. medial perforating branches to: diencephalon internal capsule midbrain

Lacunae strokes

Small necrotic regions but large deficits Esp. in Internal Capsule branches of MCA can result in: all contralateral pure motor stroke anterior limb/genu pure sensory stroke posterior limb mixed motor/sensory ataxic hemiparesis cerebellar & motor pathways

Blood Supply to Spinal Cord, the anterior spinal artery

ventral 2/3s of cord more common (than posterior) but rare in cervical region

R and L Posterior spinal arteries

R/L Posterior spinal arteries dorsolateral region of cord Basically that dorsal horn and Gracilis is. Fucked

Central damage

often the result of syringomyelia occlusion of central canal ‘whiplash’ most common in cervical region damage to central regions commissural gray region crossing fibers in anterior funiculus esp STT

Autonomic dysreflexia

loss of descending control of sympathetic system spinal reflexes become hyperactive any noxious stimuli may cause life-threatening increase in BP