Unit 8.3 Flashcards
What are the conditions of the just war theory?(7 points)
1) Must be a last resort
2) Must be for a just cause
3) Must be fought for a lawful authority
4) Must be fought to bring about good
5) Must only attack legitimate targets
6) Only necessary force must be used
7) Must be a reasonable chance of success
The Just War theory does work(3 points)
- it only attacks legitimate targets ∴ no civilians, so fair
- must be declared by a lawful authority, e.g. UN, government, ∴ no sneaky attacks before declaration of war
- must be for a good cause ∴ not a dictator trying to get moe land, so only wars that benefit people will happen
The Just War theory does not work(3 points)
- must be for a good cause ➯ Catholic Bishops in America say for a ‘real and certain danger’, but you may not know how dangerous it is, i.e. America thought WMD in Iraq, but not actually there
- must be reasonable chance of success. Doesn’t work, i.e. Vietnam, as you cant tell. Factors may change
- must be a last resort, but this not always best. I.e. WWII
Why do wars occur?(general, 4 points)
- natural disaster causes scarcity of resources ➯ War in Darfur caused by people moving onto others’ land due to lack of water
- cultural/ethnic differences, e.g. Rwandan genocide
- political differences, e.g. Afghanistan monarchy ➯ communism ➯ democracy, caused conflict
- protection, e.g. UK in WWII
Explain the causes of one particular war(4 points)
Darfur, Somalia:
• drought- nomadic people moved on to others’ land due to scarcity of resources
• ethnic disputes- gov accused of a bias towards arabs
• remote- when external help came the conflict was already large
• conflict in Sudan as whole- Liberation Movement tried to make S Sudan free ∴ gov v aggressive and harsh
How does the UN promote peace?(4 points)
- uses celebrities e.g. Jay-Z’s clean water campaign ∴ youth more aware
- UN peacekeepers, e.g. In Burundi intervened so elections could take place ∴ conflicts shorter, fewer die
- organises peace negotiations, e.g. Talks w Greece and Turkey over Cyprus ∴ reduces need for war
- campaigns for disarmament, e.g. Treaty on Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ∴ fewer die, as countries have less arms
How did the UN promote peace in one particular circumstance?(4 points)
Kosovo
• 1990 UN took control to give people their protection
• offered protection to people of Kosovo allowing refugees to feel as if they were able to return home
• Helped Kosovar people set up political parties, and held elections
• helped put in place an education system
• stopped Kosovar militia from entering Serbian Communities to prevent revenge attacks
Why do some Christians support war?(4 points)
- necessary evil, but Just War theory means that it will only happen in good cases
- Jesus shows that Christians should stand up for what they believe in “he overturned the tables of the money lenders and the seats of those who sold pigeons”
- St. Paul said to follow governing body’s orders “everyone must obey state authorities… no authority exists without god’s permission”
- Some go to war e.g. Dietrich Bonhoeffer, for greater good
Why do some Christians not support war?(4 points)
- Jesus seemed to be pacifist “blessed are the peacemakers”
- many Christians are pacifists e.g. Quakers i.e. Burt Brocklesby, Martin Luther King
- Quaker church opposes it, “Quakers in Britain have always opposed the use of violence in any form”
- Bible teaches against violence, “you shalt not kill”
Why do some Muslims support war?(4 points)
- Prophet Muhammed fought, e.g. Battle of Badr, divine intervention
- Qur’an says so “fight in the cause of God those who fight you, but do not transgress the limits”
- Only certain reasons for Muslim to go to war(Lesser Jihad), e.g. When attacked, strength Islam ∴ in these cases Holy War, so Muslim’s duty to go to war
- there are conditions, e.g. Must end in surrender, don’t kill civilians ∴ if these fulfilled, ware will be Ok, as brings about good
Why do some Muslims not support war?(4 points)
- Islam means peace- Ruqaiyyah Maqsood “One meaning of the word islam is peace… no true Muslim can possible regard war as a good thing”
- weapons now so powerful, e.g. Nuclear ∴ will not be able to follow rules for war
- Muslim Peace fellowship try tp find peaceful solutions “whatever act of violence has taken place, we deplore it”
- Muslims should be against terrorists, ∴ by fighting them it can only cause more violence
How does the Ecumenical Accompaniment in Palestine and Israel help promote world peace?(4 points)
- accompany people in disputed zones, e.g. Ann Wright helped 2 uni lecturers get to work ∴ provides protection to innocent people
- report human rights abuses, so abused can seek justice
- work with local orgs, e.g. ADALAH, so peace is more achievable
- connected with local communities, “when people come..and drink tea with me and listen, it gives me the power to stay” ∴ understanding their struggles increases their motivation for change
How does Islamic Relief help promote world peace?(4 points)
- educates people, eg. Trains teachers ∴ less likely to want war
- health programs, e.g. Ambulances in conflict areas, so fewer die from conflict
- help refugees, e.g. Provided 1,300 syrian refugees with psychological support ∴ suffer less effects of war
- provides food, e.g. Opened food banks in Niger, so fewer casualties
How do Quakers help promote world peace?(4 points)
- campaign for nuclear disarmament, e.g. Wrote to foreign secretary Oct 2016
- tackle root causes, e.g. Try to bring about peace at local, national and international level ∴ preventing future conflicts
- promote peace-building in foreign policy, e.g. Attended labour, Cons and SNP conferences last year
- Quaker Peace Education promotes education rooted in peace and justice, so changes children’s attitudes to war
Why does bullying happen?(2 points)
- bully may be victim in another sphere, and feel need to assert power
- often problems in their life also
Why are Christians against bullying?(4 points)
- we are all made in image of god- “So God created mankind in his own image”(Gen 1:27)∴ if you hurt someone you hurt God, as we all have God in us
- Jesus’s teachings e.g. Golden Rule “do to others as you would have them do to you”
- Jesus helped those cast out, we should be like him and love others rather than bullying
- After death we’ll be judged by God(parable of sheep and goats), so if you are loving, God will judge you well
Why could some say the Christian Church is involved in bullying?(2 points)
- bad treatment of homosexuals, e.g. In Russian orthodox church put in place laws against gay people
- women- some argue that not allowing women to become bishops/speak in Church is bullying
Why are Muslims against bullying?(4 points)
- Allah made us “O mankind, your lord is one and your father is one” ∴ we are all equal, so bullying not right
- muslims should fight injustice, “be aware of injustice, for injustice shall be be darkness on the day of judgement”. Bullying form of injustice
- Ummah- whole community of muslims are brothers and sisters ∴ bullying is like bullying your own family which is not right
- judgements of Allah- “allah loves those who acts justly” ∴ if you don’t bully, allah will judge you well
Why would some say that Islam is involved in bullying?(2 points)
- Islam against homosexuality, some lawyers say it should be punishable by death ➯ threatening
- Treatment of women- forced to wear hijabs in some places, some denied education ∴ limiting freedoms
What can you do about bullying?
- raise awareness to prevent it
- make sure victim/bystander reports it so victim can get help
- deal with bully’s problems
Why might there be religious conflict within families?(4 points)
- disagreements over behaviour, e.g. Muslims can’t drink alcohol as Haram ∴ parents feel they’re not properly following rules
- child may choose a job not allowed, e.g. Quaker being a soldier ∴ causes conflict
- child may be forced to do religious things, e.g. Sunday School ∴ would argue with parents
- disagreements over relationships, e.g. Partner of another/no religion ∴ feel child not behaving way they brought them up
How do Christian families deal with conflict?
- religious teachings teach respect e.g. children taught to honour mum + dad: “honour your mother and father”(Ex 20:12) ∴ ensures respect
- parents taught not to “ children obey your parents…provoke children to anger”(Ephesians 6:4) ∴ keeps relationship peaceful shows each need to work
How do Muslim families deal with conflict?
- children and parents taught not to cause harm to each other ∴ both are kind to each other
- Muslims taught to obey parents to adulthood, and accept their wisdom and experience, ∴ children will respect what parents say on an issue
Why is forgiveness and reconciliation important in Christianity?
- Jesus taught us to forgive others- “Jesus answered ‘No, not 7 times… but 70 times 7’” ∴ we must keep forgiving others
- Parables of ‘lost’ things, such as lost sheep, son, and coin, in which we rejoice over finding them∴ reconciliation is very important
- we must forgive others to be forgiven by God “forgive us our trespasses as we forgive those who trespass against us”
- important for spiritual wellbeing and good relationship with others and God, e.g. Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa “cleansing wounds so they do not fester”(Desmond Tutu)∴ necessary to feel better and progress
Why is forgiveness and reconciliation important in Islam?
- Qur’anic teachings: “so pardon and overlook until Allah will deliver his command” ∴ Allah will decide who to punish- we should forgive
- Example of Muhammed at Mecca, freeing the leaders ∴ by forgiving them he turned them into friends, showing wisdom of forgiveness
- Muslims who forgive others will be rewarded on Judgement Day. On Hajj, represented by Day at Arafat ➯ forgive others, ask for forgiveness
- Ummah ∴ good relationships and forgiveness needed, as we are all one family
