Unit 8: Theories and Diagnosis of Psychological Disorders Flashcards
Scientific study of different disorders and different types of maladaptive behaviors associated with various disorders
Psychopathology
Mental disorders, psychological disorders, and versatile treatment; not all respond to medication
Mental Illness
Medial or clinical definition; treated by psychiatric (medical doctor) and medication
Psychiatric Disorder
Legal term, not used in psychology; used to decide in court if a person can be held accountable for their actions, sent to treatment instead of prison
Insanity
Legal term, not used in psychology; when an individual is unable to understand the criminal proceeding or aid in their own defense; treatment and do not go to trail
Mental Incompetence
Mental disorders so severe that an individual experiences episodes where they lose all touch of reality
Psychosis
Manual used as the source of criteria for defining psychological disorders; most recently revised and published in 2013
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
Disorder diagnosis criteria:
Behavior that causes harm by making it difficult to fulfill the normal functions of everyday life
Maladaptive Behavior
Individual perception of own emotional distress
Personal Distress
Disorder diagnosis criteria:
Behavior that deviates from what is considered socially or culturally normal
Atypical Behavior
Disorder diagnosis criteria:
Behavior that so deviates from what is culturally accepted that it is considered unacceptable/intolerable; disrespectful, deviant
Violation of Cultural Norms
Model:
Developed in the 1960s by David Rosenthal; combination of biological and environmental causes; those who are biologically predisposed to disorders under extreme environmental stress, can cause the individual to exhibit symptoms of behavior
Life triggers the latent disorder
Diathesis-Stress Model
Type of disorder:
Conditions associated with the central nervous system functioning; begins in early childhood; usually includes developmental deficits, social, intellectual, academic, and personal functioning issues
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Disorder:
Repetitive behaviors and impairments of social communication and interaction; social and emotional exchange and interaction
Understanding and using nonverbal communication; developmental and maintenance of relationships
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Disorder:
Persistent inattention; displays of impulsive behavior; to the point it interferes with basic functioning and development
For a true diagnosis, symptoms must take place in more than one setting
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Type of disorder:
Constant feelings of unease, worry, or fear; separated from common nervousness by intensity and persistence
Most prominent in the U.S.
Anxiety Disorders
Disorder:
A person is unexplainably and continually tense and uneasy; no clear cause of uneasy feeling; prolonged 6 months or longer
General Anxiety Disorders
Symptoms:
Fatigue, restlessness, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbances, headache, and gastrointestinal problems
Symptoms of General Anxiety Disorders
Disorder:
A person experiences sudden and severe episodes of intense dread
Panic Disorder
Symptoms:
Accelerated heart rate and chest pain, tremors, feeling of choking, shortness of breath; nausea, numbness, and derealization to depersonalization (don’t feel in control)
Symptoms of Panic Disorder
Disorder:
A person has lingering memories, nightmares, and other symptoms for weeks after a severely threatening, uncontrollable event
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Type of disorder:
Persistent and intense symptoms of compulsive habits
Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Disorder:
Intense anxiety in relation to obsession and compulsion
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Symptoms:
Repetitive thoughts, distress, compulsive behavior
Possibly rooted in over or under production of serotonin
Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Disorder:
Items given significant importance; to get rid of the item would cause severe anxiety and distress
Related to OCD
Hoarding Disorder
Disorder:
Obsessive preoccupation with physical appearance; constant grooming, or checking reflection; typically aware that it is illogical
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
Type of disorder:
Characterized by defense mechanisms
Disruptions in memory and identity due to stress
Dissociative Disorders
Disorder:
Inability to remember parts of the past as a result of trauma
Psychological damage, not physical damage
Dissociative Amnesia
Disorder:
Complete loss of awareness of one’s identity and the assumption of another identity
Dissociative Fuge
Disorder:
Formerly known as “Multiple-Personality Disorder,” presence of at least two distinct identities; identities take on distinct personalities, ages, mannerisms, and speech patterns; Use EEG
80% of world cases occur in western countries
Typical for individuals to have suffered prolonged physical or sexual abuse
Dissociated Identity Disorder
Type of Disorder:
Physical disorders caused by psychological stress
Presents a bodily (sematic) problem for a psychological (mind) problem
Somatic Symptom Disorders
Disorder:
Formerly known as “Hypochondriasis;” extreme anxiety about physical symptoms that are interpreted as proof of illness
Symptoms are REAL
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Disirder:
Obsession with having or contracting an illness despite NO signs or symptoms of illness; doctor’s reassurance does not help
Illness Anxiety Disorder
Disorder:
Constantly seeks out medical attention; always going to the doctor
Care-Seeking Type
Disorder:
Avoids treatment but believes they are ill; quit going to the doctor
Care-Avoidant Type
Disorder:
Extreme anxiety converted to physical disorder; physical symptoms are real, but no neurological or medical cause identified
Can cause paralysis, tremors, or loss of physical senses
Conversion Disorder
Disorder:
Deliberately reports or exaggerates false symptoms; may induce symptoms or injury for medical attention
Factitious Disorder
Type of symptom:
Delusions and hallucinations
Positive Symptoms
Type of symptom:
Diminished emotional expression
Negative Symptoms
Disorder:
Group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions; split mind
1 in 100 people across the world develop ______
Schizophrenia
Refers to the disconnect between reality and thoughts, emotions and actions, NOT PERSONALITIES
Split Mind
Requires 2 of the 5 symptoms, one must be hallucinations or delusions. Symptoms include:
Delusions, Hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized/abnormal motor behavior (catatonic as well), and negative symptoms (avolition as well)
Schizophrenia Diagnosis
False beliefs
Delusions
Sensory experiences without stimuli
Hallucinations
Combing thoughts or switching from one thought to another
Disorganized speech
Abnormal or bizarre physical behaviors
Grossly Disorganized/Abnormal Motor Behavior
Aimless or repeated movement or words, bizarre posture, or lack of movement
Catatonic
Absence of purposeful activity
Avolition
Schizophrenia Subtype: Preoccupations with delusions or hallucinations ( persecution or grandiosity)
Paranoid subtype of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Subtype:
Disorganized speech or behavior, flat or inappropriate emotion
Disorganized subtype of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Subtype:
Immobility (excessive movement), extreme negativism, parrot like repetition of another’s speech or movements
Catatonic subtype of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Subtype:
Many and varied symptoms
Undifferentiated subtype of schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Subtype:
Withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared
(vulnerable, you’ve gotten treatment and meds but everything could come back)
Residual subtype of schizophrenia
Slow developing process, recovery is doubtful, persistent and incapacitating negative symptoms of withdrawal
Chronic or process schizophrenia
Rapid development following life stresses, recovery is more likely, positive symptoms and more likely to respond to drug therapy
Acute or reactive schizophrenia
Dopamine over activity, excess of receptors, and paired glutamate activity
Schizophrenia brain abnormalities
Low activity in frontal lobe, increase activity in Thalamus or amygdala, and large fluid filled areas and shrinkage of cerebral tissue, “caused” by low birth weight, oxygen deprivation delivery, famine
Abnormal brain activity and Anatomy (for schizophrenia)
Evidence of maternal viral infection that impairs fetal brain development
Maternal virus during pregnancy
Parent or sibling has disorder increase chance 10%, identical twins increased chance 50%, genes can influence neurotransmitters (dopamine) and myelin, more prominent among men
Genetic factors of schizophrenia
Described in rule of quarters:
1st quarter, 2nd quarter, 3rd quarter, 4th quarter
15% of patients are unresponsive to medication
Severity of schizophrenia
One psychotic episode but then recovered ( no meds needed, early, not severe)
First quarter
Respond while the medication and live relatively normal ( as long as they stay on medication)
Second quarter
Will need supervision in a supportive facility
Third quarter
Requires permanent and constant care
Fourth quarter
Disorder:
Schizophrenia plus periodic symptoms of disorder effect or mood
Full display at least two of the five symptoms of schizophrenia as well as mood episodes of pervasive depression or Mania
1 and 200 Americans diagnosed
Schizoaffective disorder
Type of disorder:
Significant feelings of sadness, emptiness, or irritability, somatic and cognitive disruptions that affect daily
Depressive disorders
Disorder:
Childhood psychological condition, extreme irritability, anger and intense temper outburst
Children under 10 whose behavior for exceeds the normal temperamental characteristics of children, temper tantrums are so frequent and severe they may require clinical care, diagnosis requires symptoms be present in at least two different settings and child must be 6 years of age
Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)
Disorder:
Unipolar depression, persistent thoughts of death or suicide, diagnosis requires at least five symptoms to be present in a two-week period, depressed mood, or loss of pleasure or interest
Genetic predisposition, condition usually only manifests if environmental factors trigger it, and severe cases hallucinations and delusions may occur
Major depressive disorder
Symptoms:
Fatigue, sustain depressive mood, diminished interest or pleasure in activities, decreased appetite, weight loss, sleep disturbances, feeling of worthlessness, guilt, diminished ability to concentrate, thoughts of death or suicide
Symptoms of major depressive disorder
Disorder:
Depressed mood that has lasted at least 2 years, milder form of depression, at least two of the following symptoms:
- poor appetite or overeating, sleep disturbances, fatigue, low self-esteem, poor concentration, the feelings of hopelessness and lack of Interest
Genetic, and environmental factors possible
Persistent depressive disorder
Lack of production of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
Neurological factors of depressive disorders
Type of disorder:
A bridge between the schizophrenia spectrum and psychotic disorders, extreme episodes of depressed and excited (Manic) moods, genetic links, overlap of symptoms with schizophrenia
_____does not mean your schizophrenic
Bipolar and Related Disorders
Disorder:
Mood disorder, person has exhibited at least one episode of mania as well as one episode of major depression
During manic state: flight of ideas, high energy, euphoric, or profound unease
During major depression disorder: withdrawn, unmotivated, weight loss, fatigue, feeling of worthlessness
May also experience hypomania: a less intense episode of mania
Bipolar I disorder
Disorder:
Individual would have experienced a hypomanic episode but never a full manic episode, episodes of major depression
Doesn’t have to hit full Mania
Bipolar II disorder
Disirder:
Elevated moods similar to hypomania but not as severe, depressive episodes not as severe, altering moods must be present for at least 2 years
milder of the bipolar family, but most chronic
Cyclothymic Disorder
Type of disorder:
Problematic, abnormal and enduring _________ that lead to the stress or impaired interactions with others
No depression, no delusions
Personality disorders
Defining features of _____:
Distorted thinking, interpersonal difficulties, problems with impulse control, problems with emotional response
Defining features of personality disorders
Odd / eccentric
Cluster A personality disorders
Dramatic, unpredictable
Cluster B personality disorders
Anxious, fearful
Cluster C personality disorders
Disorder:
Pattern of distrust and suspiciousness about other people’s motives, display no psychotic symptoms displayed in schizophrenia
Paranoid personality disorder (cluster a)
Disorder:
Disruptive pattern of instability and interpersonal relationships, mood, self image and image control
Borderline personality disorder (cluster B)
Disorder:
Attention seeking, self-centeredness, pattern of excessive attention-seeking emotions, usually beginning early in adulthood, including inappropriately seductive behavior and an excessive need for approval
Histrionic personality disorder (Cluster B)
Disorder:
Attention-seeking, self-centeredness, characterized by a long-term pattern of exaggerated feelings of self-importance, and excessive need for admiration, and a lack of empathy towards other people
Narcissistic personality disorder (Cluster B)
Disorder:
Unable to feel empathy or guilt, pattern of disregard for the rights and well-being of others and rampant manipulative behavior
Commonly associated with criminal behavior, 50% of serious crimes are committed by people with APD, typically male
Usually able to present themselves as charming and hide their lack of empathy, weak responses to fear and less recognition of emotion and facial expressions, genetic and environmental factors
Antisocial personality disorder (Cluster B)
Disorder:
Disruptive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, impersonal and interpersonal control
Obsessive compulsive personality disorder (Cluster C)
General term for the treatment of mental health problems through interaction between trained psychologists and those seeking
Psychotherapy
Separated into four categories based on the main theories for causes of mental illness:
-Psychodynamic
-Humanistic
-Behavioral
-Cognitive
Psychological approach
Different ways of delivering various therapy:
-Self-help group
-Family Counseling
-Couples/marriage counseling
Modes of therapy
Approach:
Focus on helping patients gain insight to the underlying causes of their mental distress or illness by tapping into the
Psychodynamic approaches
Listening to the patient, therapeutic rapport, free association, dream analysis, modern takes
-Interpersonal psychotherapy (combined with meds, depression and anxiety)
-Object of relations theroay
Psychoanalysis
To help people accept themselves through self-awareness and self-fulfillment. Focus on the present and future rather than past
Humanistic Therapies
-Non-judgmental, honors person’s potential
-No advice
-No trying to interpret individuals thoughts or behaviors. -Unconditional positive regard. -Empathy
-Congruence
-Active listening
Person-centered therapy (Carl Rogers)
-Effort to perceive the whole is greater than the sum.
-Believes individuals have lost a sense of their own wholeness. -Focuses on person’s perceptions of their own feelings and own sense of reality.
-Empty chair technique. -Exaggeration.
-Hope people become more comfortable with their feelings and become more
Gestalt therapy
Action Therapies. Focuses on providing practical Solutions in teaching coping skills. Uses classical and operant conditioning to help clients unlearn maladaptive behaviors and replace them with healthier behaviors:
-Exposure therapy.
-Aversion therapy.
-Token economy.
-Modeling
Behavioral Therapies
Action therapy, assumes that condition leads to emotional responses and behavior. Illness cause by maladaptive or illogical thinking. Retrain the cognitive process
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
Believes most psychological problems were caused by irrational thoughts. Beliefs that people cognitively perceive themselves and the world in their own particular way, and those perceptions/ cognitions guide reactions to events and people
Therapist should be more of a teacher, challenging the client’s irrational thoughts in a straightforward and rather impersonal way
ABC technique
Rational emotive therapy
Depression, anxiety, eating disorders and personality disorders. Recognize negative thoughts as illogical
Cognitive Triad
Aaron Beck’s cognitive theory
Ellis believed that the cause of emotional and behavioral problems was not an activating event but rather the beliefs and thoughts of a person interpreting it. The consequences could be healthy if the interpretation is rational
ABC technique
Negative thoughts about self, negative thoughts about the world, negative thoughts about the future. (These are negative distortions) feed off of each other in a self-reinforcing negative cycle
Cognitive Triad
Taking ideas for my variety of approaches to best serve the client.
Include psychological and biomedical models, because psychological problems may stem from neurological abnormalities or from learning, childhood trauma, destructive habits of thinking, or even socio-cultural factors
Eclectic approach
The central goal is to help the patients or clients gain insight into the underlying causes of their mental distress or illness and use that insight and improve self-awareness to resolve psychological problems
Psychodynamic and humanistic Therapies fall under this category
Insight Therapies
Mental problems and one’s conscious life
Neurosis
Based on the social psychoanalytic perspective that social relationships and early childhood lie at the heart of mental problems in adulthood
Object = significant person in the client’s life and the emotional problems stemming from that relationship
Intense nurturing relationship
Object relations therapy
