Unit 7: Personality Flashcards
An individual’s unique and relatively stable patterns of behavior, characteristics, thoughts, and emotions
Personality
Assume unconscious forces determine behavior and influence personality, separating the mind into 3 levels; conscious, preconscious, and unconscious
Psychodynamic Theories
Sense of reality
Conscious
Thoughts can be brought to a conscious level;
Preconscious
Beyond our awareness
Unconscious
Frued’s theory of personality, dream interpretation and psychotherapy
Psychoanalysis
Exists at birth, pleasure principle, libido unconscious level (Do what you feel, don’t care how other people feel)
Id
Reality-based, reality principle, unconscious and conscious (I need to do a lot of planning to get it/middle ground)
Ego
Morality principle, unconscious and preconscious (you can’t have it, its not right)
Superego
Blocking/ignoring from conscious
Repression
Revert back to earlier stage of development
Regression
Placing anger on something or someone other than the source
Displacement
Project your own issues or feelings onto someone else
Projection
Ego refuses to accept reality
Denial
Turn unacceptable urge into something acceptable (for me)
Reaction-Formation
create explanation or excuse
Rationalization
Redirect to something with social value (the world or society says its a good thing)
Sublimation
0 to 1; Mouth, tongue, lips; Weaning off breast feeding or formula
Adult Fixation: Smoking and overeating
Oral
1 to 3; Anus; Toilet training (control)
Adult Fixation: Orderliness and Messiness
Anal
3 to 6; Genitals; Resolving Oedipus/ Electra Complex (Proud of their “parts”)
Adult Fixations: Deviancy and Sexual Dysfunction
Phallic
6 to 12; developing defense mechanisms
Adult Fixations: None
Latency (Calm)
12+; Genitals; Reaching full sexual maturity
Adult Fixation: If all stages were successfully completed then the person should be sexually matured and mentally healthy
Genital
Paul Costa and Robert McCrea 5 Factor Model; focus on observable personality characteristics
OCEAN: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Trait Theories
Stable personality characteristics of behavior, thought process, and emotions
Traits
Imagination, ideas, feelings, actions
Openness
Competence, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, goal-driven
Conscientiousness
Sociability, assertiveness, emotional expression
Extraversion
Cooperative, trustworthy, good-natured
Agreeableness
Tendency toward unstable emotions
Neuroticism
Is what causes us to act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or reading a book to gain knowledge
Motivation
Inside motivation, pushes us to be driven
Intrinsic Motivation
Outside motivation, pulls us to be driven
Extrinsic Motivation
When rewarded behavior can actually decrease intrinsic motivation
Overjustification Effect
We are motivated by our inborn automated behavior. Only explains why we do small fractions of our behavior.
A behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species and be unlearned
Instinct Theory
Psychological need creates an aroused state that drives an organism to reduce the need. Our behavior is motivated by biological needs.
Homeostasis, lack of = tension
Internal Push
Drive Reduction Theory
Positive or negative stimuli that lure/repel us. Operant learning. When there is both a need and an incentive we feel strongly driven (pulled)
Incentive Theory
Human motivation seeks not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal at which we will be free to explore and learn
Too little arousal = bored, biological needs not met
Too much arousal = stress, anxiety
Optimum Arousal Theory
Abraham Maslow said we are motivated by needs and all needs are not created equal. We are driven to satisfy the lower-level needs first. We can not achieve the higher needs until the lower ones have been satisfied
Self-Actualization
Hierarchy of Needs (Self-Actualization Theory)
Hunger doesn’t come from our stomach, it comes from our ______ and is controlled by the ______
Brain, Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus wants to maintain stable weight (homeostasis)
Lateral hypo when you diet, venti hypo when you lose weight
Set Point Theory
The hormone insulin converts _______ to fat
Excessive______= weight gain
When _____ levels drop, hunger increases
Glucose
Push us to eat
Internal Hunger Cues
Pulls us to eat
External Hunger Cues
Characterized by binging (eating large amounts of food) and purging (getting rid of the food)
Bulimia Nervosa
Starve themselves to below 85% of their normal body weight; see themselves as fat; vast majority are women
Anorexia Nervosa
Severely overweight to the point where it causes health issues; mostly eating habits but some people are predisposed towards _____ (hormone leptin involved)
Obesity
Choice between two positive desirable choices
Approach-Approach Conflict
Choice between two undesirable choices
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
When an event goal has negative and positive features
Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Choice between multiple things with both positive and negative aspects
Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
Experience that begins with stimulus and includes physiological responses; subjective emotional feelings and emotional reactions
Emotions
Change of heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, autonomic nervous system
Physiological Responses
Facial expressions, body language, posture
Emotional Expressions
William James and Carl Lange
Stimulus>physiological response>emotion
Stimulus triggers a response from our autonomic nervous system which dictates emotion; no cognition
James-Lange Theory
Walter Cannon and Philip Bard
Stimulus> emotion and physiological changes at the same time
No cognition; reduced intensity of emotions
Cannon-Bard Theory
Stanely Schacter
STimulus> physiological response>interpretation>emotion
Includes cognition
Understand their state or arousal
Schacter Two-Factor Theory
Stimulus>appraisal>emotion
The “appraisal” can take place without our effort or awareness
Richard Lazarus’s Appraisal Theory
Stimulus> Emotion
No continuous appraisal
Joseph Ledoux’s Theory
Paul Ekman
How do we read emotions of others?
Nonverbal cues, gestures, facial expressions, and the six universal facial expressions
Cross-Cultural Displays of Emotion
Body language
Nonverbal Cues
(Hand-shakes, thumbs up) can mean different things across cultures
Gestures
Have been found to represent the same emotions across cultures
Facial Expressions
Disgust, sadness, happiness, anger, fear, surprise
Six Universal Facial Expressions
Tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings
Facial Feed-Back Hypothesis
A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on it.
The arousal, both physical and mental, to situations or events that we perceive as threatening or challenging
Stress
Negative stress
Distress
Positive Stress
Eustress
A condition or event in the environment that challenges or threatens a person; have different effects and impacts on people’s lives
Stressor
Small, everyday problems that accumulate to become a source of stress
Frustrations
A negative emotional state when outside or environmental factors prevent them from reaching a goal
External Factors
When internal characteristics impede their progress toward a goal (when you get on your own nerves)
Personal Frustration
Events that can cause psychological injury or intense emotional pain
Traumatic Stressors
Moving, leaving home, losing a job, getting divorced, or having a loved one die; can also be positive, such as getting engaged or married
Significant Life Changes
Ongoing, long-lasting, unpleasant event
Chronic Stressors
Long-term, repeated exposure to stressors that may cause physical, mental, and/or emotional exhuastion
Burnout
Forced choice between two or more incompatible goals or impulses
Conflict
Is the stressor relevant? Is it threatening? Is the experience positive?
Primary Appraisal
Do I have a course of action to take? Considering the resources available to cope with the stressors
Secondary Appraisal
Physically removing oneself from the source of frustration or psychologically escaping; mood-altering behavior
Escape
Developed by Hans Selye
Thress Stage process to respond to stressors; alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
GAS Stage: Appraises the stressor and mobilizes resources to cope
Alarm
GAS Stage: Tries to cope with stress
Resistance
GAS Stage: The person’s energy is depleted
Exhaustion
The arousal of the autonomic nervous system that occurs in response to a stressor
Stress Reactions
Heart rate increases; blood pressure increases; respiration becomes rapid and shallow; liver releases stores of glycogen, thus raising the blood sugar level
Digestive system shuts down and blood reroutes to muscles and pupils dilate; hair stands up on end; excitatory hormones secreted; muscle tense
Flight or Flight Response
HPA (hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal gland) Axis
Prolonged elevation of cortisol is related to: increased depression, memory problems, and impaired immune system
Effects of Stress
The act of facing and dealing with problems and stressors, especially over the long term
Coping
Controlling or replacing the negative emotional response to the stressor
Emotion-focused coping
Managing or fixing the distressing situation
Problem-focused coping
Attempts to refrain from the stressors, changing one’s perception and assumptions about the stressor
Appraisal-focused coping
