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LIFE 210 > Unit 8: The Cytoskeleton > Flashcards

Unit 8: The Cytoskeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of?

A

microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments

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2
Q

Why are filaments not linear?

A

To be more resistant to breakage

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3
Q

What is the advantage of dynamicity?

A

Provides ability to rapidly reorganize networks

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4
Q

What is the advantage of static structures?

A

Provides structural support

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5
Q

How do actin and microtubules help in transporting cellular cargoes.

A

provide “rail system”

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6
Q

What is the primary role of intermediate filaments

A

To provide mechanical support and help cells withstand mechanical stress

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7
Q

What motor protein walks toward the minus ends of microtubules

A

Dynein

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8
Q

What motor protein walks toward the plus ends of microtubules

A

Kinesin

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9
Q

What two proteins make up microtubules

A

Tubulin and GTP

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10
Q

What is the function of GTP within a microtubules?

A

GTP cap forms the growing end of microtubules and when hydrolyzed to GDP, forms the shrinking (depolymerizing end)

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11
Q

When do microtubules form the mitotic spindle?

A

During mitosis in metaphase

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the centrosome?

A

Nucelates, anchors, and organizes microtubules.

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13
Q

How do microtubules work in cilia and flagella

A

drive bending and therefore movement within them

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14
Q

What cellular structures are composed of microtubules

A

cilia and flagella

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15
Q

What tubulin is added to the plus end of microtubules?

A

GTP-bound tubulin

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16
Q

What does a GTP cap do and where is it found?

A

Stabilizes microtubule from depolymerizing
Can be bound by end binding proteins

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17
Q

What occurs when all tubulin in microtubule is GDP-bound

A

Catastrophe occurs and depolymerazion happens

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18
Q

Whats a benefit of depolymerizing microtubule?

A

Move chromosomes during anaphase, move mitotic spindle

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19
Q

What allows microtubules to nucleate more efficiently?

A

Gamma Tubulin ring complex is a template from which microtubules can grow

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20
Q

What do end binding (EB) proteins do?

A

binds to caps on the plus end of microtubules

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21
Q

What is the purpose of spastin and katanin?

A

sever/cut microtubules

22
Q

What is G-actin?

A

The momomeric form of actin

23
Q

What is F-actin?

A

Polymerized G-actin; forms long helical structures

24
Q

What is treadmilling?

A

The steady state of actin where:
the plus end gains actin
the minus end loses actin

25
Q

Where is treadmilling most notable?

A

at the leading edge of a crawling cell

26
Q

What subunits are added to the plus end of actin when treadmilling?

A

ATP-actin

27
Q

How does actin fall off the minus ends when treadmilling?

A

The once ATP bound actin is hydrolyzed to ADP bound actin which falls off when exposed to the minus end

28
Q

What protein(s) causes actin to branch?

A

Arp2/Arp3 complex proteins

29
Q

Where are branched actin found?

A

At the leading edge of a cell which is important for cell migration

30
Q

How does Cofilin interact with actin?

A

Twists and Depolymerizes actin

31
Q

What actin motor walks along F-actin?

A

Myosin

32
Q

What are thick filaments in muscle contraction?

A

Myosin motors

33
Q

What are the thin filaments in muscle contraction

A

actin filaments

34
Q

Which filament has the most tensile strength?

A

intermediate filaments

35
Q

Which filament is easily deformed and ruptured?

A

Microtubules

36
Q

Which filament is not very flexible and ruptures easily

A

Actin

37
Q

How do intermediate filaments strengthen a group of cells?

A

connect to desmosomes which link neighboring cells

38
Q

Why are Intermediate filaments non-polar

A

They have two coiled coils bound that make symmetric tetramer

39
Q

Which filament is rope-like?

A

Intermediate filaments

40
Q

What are nuclear lamins?

A

subtype of intermediate filaments in the nucleus

41
Q

How do Lamins protect the nucleus

A

Protect the nucleus from external forces with a mesh like network under nuclear envelope

42
Q

What happens when there is a mutation to a lamin

A

Muscle degeneration diseases

43
Q

What type of filament is keratin?

A

Intermediate filament

44
Q

What happens if there is a mutation of the keratin?

A

skin cells have looser connections

45
Q

What are neurofilaments?

A

intermediate filaments that provide strength and stability to long neuronal processes

46
Q

What is desmin?

A

an I.F that supports muscle cells by distributing mechanical force generated by actin and myosin.

47
Q

How are intermediate filaments different in size to the other two cytoskeleton components?

A

I.F’s are thicker than actin but smaller than microtubules

48
Q

What are some cargoes dynein transports?

A

RNA’s, proteins, vesicles, and the nucleus

49
Q

How do dynein move along microtubules?

A

With a power stroke, due to ATP binding and hydrolysis

50
Q

What does dynein being a “non-processive” motor mean?

A

It does not go long distances along microtubules

51
Q

What makes dynein more processive?

A

Dynein Activator which arranges them into a configuration that is optimal for motility

52
Q

How do adaptors affect dynein?

A

Allow dynactin to bind and also links dynein specific cargoes; make sure they bind to the appropriate cargoes

LIFE 210 (4 decks)

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