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LIFE 210 > 4: Flow of Matter and Energy in Cells > Flashcards

4: Flow of Matter and Energy in Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is Cellular Metabolism

A

chemical processes that sustain plant or animal life

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2
Q

What is special about most of life-sustaining chemical reactions?

A

Most are enzyme catalyzed

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3
Q

What does ∆G < 0 mean?

A

Reaction is spontaneous

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4
Q

How does an enzyme affect activation energy?

A

Lowers it, thus speeding up reactions

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5
Q

What is a metabolic pathway made up of?

A

enzyme-catalyzed reactions

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6
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

nutrient degradation (oxidation), produce ATP

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7
Q

What is an anabolic reaction

A

biosynthesis (reduction), requires/uses ATP

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8
Q

What are amphibolic pathways

A

Pathways that do both catabolism and anabolism

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9
Q

Which pathways are thermodynamically unfavorable coupled to favorable reactions?

A

Anabolic reactions

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10
Q

What is the most activated carrier molecule

A

ATP

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11
Q

Is a healthy cell at equilibrium?

A

NOOOOO

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12
Q

What is energy from ATP usually used for?

A

To join two molecules together

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13
Q

What are two other energy electron carriers besides ATP

A

NADH and NADPH

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14
Q

What is the function of NADH?

A

-Primarily involved in catabolic reactions
-Is an electron carrier in the reactions as it accepts electrons from substrates during oxidation.
-Electrons carried by NADH are passed through ETC in mitochondria which generates a proton gradient.

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15
Q

What are the main functions of NADPH?

A

-Primarily involed in anabolic reactions which require energy
-It’s a reducing agent providing reducing power in form of electrons and protons for various biosynthetic pathways
-Essential for redox reactions

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16
Q

What is the main source of fuel to cells?

A

Glucose

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17
Q

What is glucose broken down into?

A

CO2 and H2O and the released energy is captured by ATP and NADPH

18
Q

What is stepwise oxidation?

A

Small activation energies that don’t burn everything all at once.

19
Q

What converts glucose to pyruvate and how?

A

Glycolysis anaerobically

20
Q

What are the three stages of glucose catabolism?

A

Investment, Cleavage, Energy Harvest.

21
Q

Does glycolyisis produce ATP without O2?

A

NO

22
Q

what cellular process is used by nearly all organisms on this planet?

A

Glycolysis

23
Q

What stage converts glucose to an unstable, high energy intermediate?

A

The energy investment stage

24
Q

What does the cleavage stage of glucose catabolism produce?

A

Two 3-carbon sugars

25
Q

How much energy does the investment stage use?

A

2 ATP molecules

26
Q

What does the energy harvest stage do in glycolysis?

A

Turns the three carbon sugars from the cleavage stage to 2x pyruvate.
Harvests 2 NADH & 2 ATP

27
Q

What does glycolysis of 1 glucose result in?

A

2 Pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

28
Q

Is glycolysis with or without oxygen?

A

Without

29
Q

What cycle harvests energy from pyruvate in the mitochondria?

A

Krebs Cycle/ Tricarboxylic acid Cycle (TCA)

30
Q

What does pyruvate react with to produce acetyl-coA?

A

Co-enzyme A

31
Q

What does Acetyl-coA produce?

A

One CO2 and One NADH

32
Q

Other than by the reaction with pyruvate, how else can acetyl CoA be produced?

A

From Breakdown of fats or amino acids

33
Q

What does the Krebs cycle release?

A

CO2 as waste and NADH

34
Q

Does the TCA cycle need O2?

A

Not directly but needs it to run

35
Q

Where is the ETC?

A

in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion

36
Q

How are high energy electrons carried to the ETC?

A

NADH and FADH2

37
Q

How are protons moved to the ETC

A

coupled redox reactions bring high energy protons with the NADH and FADH2 transferred

38
Q

How many protons are transferred with each pair of electrons from NADH

A

4 protons

39
Q

How is energy stored in the ETC

A

In the form of a proton gradient

40
Q

How is ATP synthase powered to make ATP?

A

By the proton gradient

41
Q
A

LIFE 210 (4 decks)

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