unit 8 quiz Flashcards
pulmonary vs systemic circulation
*pulmonary circulation:
-right side of the heart
-pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
*systemic circulation:
-left side of heart
-pumps oxygenated blood to body
size of circulatory system’s vessels + the basic function of arteries and veins in the heart with regards to blood flow
arteries → veins → arterioles → venules → capillaries
*arteries: carry blood away from heart
*veins: carry blood toward heart
*arterioles: branch out from arteries and lead to capillaries
*venules: lead from capillaries to veins
*capillaries: where gas, CO2, and water exchange occurs
circulation of blood to the heart
- Superior/inferior vena cava
- into Right atrium
- passes through Tricuspid valve
- into Right ventricle
- through Pulmonary semilunar valve
- out through Pulmonary arteries (right + left) to the lungs
- returns from lungs through Pulmonary veins (right + left)
- into Left atrium
- passes through Bicuspid (mitral) valve
- into Left ventricle
- through Aortic semilunar valve
- into Aorta (and throughout systemic circulation)
*the heart is made up of 4 chambers:
-upper chambers= atria (blood is received into the atria)
-lower chambers= ventricles (blood is pushed out of the ventricles)
the 3 ways the human body counteracts the low pressure system that exists in veins in order to get deoxygenated blood out of the heart to then be pumped to the lungs for gas exchange
*Skeletal muscle pump:
-contracts and squeezes on the vein to push blood through valve and get it to lung
*Thoracic pump:
-breathing creates a difference in pressure between veins in the chest cavity and thoracic cavity
-this difference in pressure causes movement of blood in the veins, pushing blood to the heart
- Venoconstriction:
-nervous system sends signal to your veins to contract increasing BP to shoot blood out your heart and into lung
main components of blood
*Plasma (55%) (lighter):
-water (90%)
-plasma proteins (7%)
-acids & salts (3%)
*Formed elements (45%) (denser):
-red blood cells (99%)
-white blood cells + platelets (1%)
the elements of a blood pressure reading
*Systolic BP:
-maximum pressure observed in the arteries during contraction phase of ventricle (120mmHg)
*Diastolic BP:
-minimum pressure observed in the arteries during relaxation phase of ventricles (80mmHg)
-120/80 (healthy range)
-requires less work to get that blood out hence why less pressure, hence why a lower number on top is better
SA nodes vs AV nodes
*SA node:
-aka “pacemaker of the heart”
-initiates contraction through electrical signal
*AV node:
-transfers the electrical signal from the right atrium into the ventricles and into the area that contains the bindle of His
Bradycardia vs. tachycardia
*Bradycardia:
-heart rate of 60bpm or less while at rest
*Tachycardia:
-heart rate of 100 bpm or more at rest
-a lower heart rate is regarded as an indication of an athletic/strong heart
General effects of exercise/training on the cardiovascular/circulatory systems
-endurance exercise: systolic BP increases, but diastolic BP decreases
-resistance exercise: short but large increases in systolic BP and diastolic BP
*positive effects:
-heart rate will decrease at rest (higher cardiovascular health)
-heart rate will decrease at light, moderate, and maximum exercises
-higher Vo2 max which will help in endurance exercises because the heart is more trained
-the left ventricle is stronger and it will have better contraction when ejecting blood
-onset of blood lactate accumulation is reached later in trained people (they will get over it faster) helping the do more intense work for longer
-less chance of a mess up in your PQRST wave (electrical activity in your heart)
-reduces risk of heart attack, cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease
how a heart attack occurs and the effects of having one
*AKA myocardial infarction
-a heart attack occurs when blood flow to a section of the heart is blocked by plaque buildup
-effect: the cardiac tissue dies and can’t regnerate (that section of the heart becomes damaged from lack of oxygen)
how coronary artery disease occurs and what the risk factors for it are
*AKA atherosclerosis
*coronary artery disease:
-plaque (cholesterol) builds up in arteries and an increase of blood pressure
-the fatty plaque builds up over the years due to a diet high in saturated fats
*risk factors:
-smoking
-hypertension (high blood pressure)
-family history
-inactivity
external vs internal respiration
*external respiration:
-processes that occur within the lungs
-exchange of O2 and CO2
-blood becomes oxygenated and CO2 is removed
*internal respiration:
-gas exchanges in body tissue
-O2 is delivered for metabolism and CO2 is removed
conductive zone vs respiratory zone of the respiratory system
*conductive zone:
-transports filtered air to the lungs
*respiratory zone:
-where gas exchange occurs
diffusion + how gas exchange occurs because of it
*diffusion:
-brings about gas exchange at lung and tissue
-is the movement of gas, liquid, or solid from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through random movement
-by the rule of diffusion, the O2 in the alveoli move to the blood, and the CO2 in your blood moves to the alveoli (CO2 has much higher concentration in alveoli
oxygen defecit
*oxygen deficit:
-difference between the oxygen required to perform a task and the oxygen you actually consumed before performing the task/reaching a steady state
-lapse in time when you need more oxygen (out of breath)
-a trained individual will reach the steady state faster than an untrained individual (will get over it quickly because they will get oxygen supply to their body sooner)
