kin exam review questions

Question 1

Ancient Greece - What did people in this time period believe was the purpose/benefits of engaging in sport? What did they believe led an athlete to becoming an Olympic winner?

Answer 1

-beneficial for physical and mental health
-they viewed an olympic winner as someone who has been bestowed by the Gods

Question 2

Ancient Roman Period - Gladiator battles in large arenas (e.g., the Coliseum), and “sports” in general, were planned with what concept in mind? (HINT: Think today’s WWE.)

Answer 2

-sports = entertainment

Question 3

“amateurism” in the Victorian Era - What was it? Which social classes did it benefit/hurt and why/how?

Answer 3

-amateurism= sports as a leisure activity, not professional
-gentleman athlete= no labour-intensive job
-excluded lower class and women
-lower class didnt have leisure time to engage because they still worked

Question 4

“bounties” - What are they? In which sport do they exist?

Answer 4

-bounties= paying a player to hit opposing player
-football

Question 5

types of joint movements and the relative agonist and antagonist muscles that produce the movement (e.g., elbow flexion - biceps is agonist and triceps is antagonist)

Answer 5

-agonist = active
-antagonist = relaxed

-flexion vs extension
-inversion vs eversion
-circumduction
-internal vs external rotation
-supination vs pronation
-dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion
-adduction vs abduction

Question 6

planes of movement and axes of rotation

Answer 6

-frontal plane = antero-posterior axis
-sagittal plane = horiztonal axis
-transverse plane = longitudinal axis

Question 7

identification of body parts using the anatomical position as the starting point (e.g., anterior/posterior, proximal/distal, etc.)

Answer 7

-anterior vs posterior
-distal vs proximal
-superior vs inferior
-medial vs lateral

Question 8

three types of joints and the basic characteristics of them (i.e., basic structural properties, where in the body they are found)

Answer 8

-fibrous joint= immoveable, found in skull
-cartilaginous joint= slightly moveable, found in spine
-synovial joint= fully moveable, found in elbow, wrist, knee

Question 9

six types of synovial joints and where in the body they are found

Answer 9

-ball and socket= hip + shoulder
-ellipsoid joint= wrist
-saddle joint= thumb
-pivot joint= neck 2 vertebrae
-hinge joint= ulna and humerus
-gliding joint= between phallanges

Question 10

basic structural components of the shoulder, knee, and ankle, and the types of injuries that can happen in each joint

Answer 10

*knee:
-mcl
-pcl
-acl
-lcl
-meniscus
-knee ligament tear, osgood-shlatter syndrome, patellofemoral tear

*shoulder:
-clavicle
-radius
-ulna
-scapula
-acromion
-rotator cuff tear, shoulder dislocation, biceps tendinitis, shoulder separation

*ankle:
-talus
-calcaneus
-inversion and eversion

Question 11

What is the function of ligaments and cartilage within joints?

Answer 11

-ligaments= connect bones together
-cartilage= connective tissue between bones and reduces tension

Question 12

What is the “neuromuscular junction”?

Answer 12

-space between nerve and muscle

Question 13

three types of muscle (their properties and where in the body each type is found)

Answer 13

-smooth muscle= found surrounding internal organs, involuntary
-cardiac muscle= found in heart, involuntary
-skeletal muscle= found everywhere in body, voluntary, attached to bones

Question 14

three types of muscle contraction

Answer 14

-eccentric= lengthening
-concentric= shortening
-isometric= static

Question 15

three energy systems (which use oxygen, which don’t; the types of activities that use each pathway to create ATP energy)

Answer 15

1. ATP-PC system= anaerobic, type IIB muscle fibres, fast-twitch, doesnt produce lactic acid; 100m sprint, discus, shotput, olympic weightlifitng
2. Glycolysis= anaeorbic, type IIA muscle fibres, fast-twitch, produces lactic acid; 400-800m sprint, hockey shifts, HIIT
3. cellular respiration= aeorbic, doesnt produce lactic acid, type I muscle fibres, slow-twitch; marathon running, endurance, soccer

Question 16

three types of muscle fibres (and in which types of activities they are recruited)

Answer 16

-type IIB- ATP-PC system
-type IIA- glycolysis
-type I- cellular respiration

Question 17

What is the “pacemaker” of the heart?

Answer 17

SA node

Question 18

difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 18

-pulmonary= right side of heart, brings de-oxygenated blood to lungs
-systemic circulation= left side, brings oxygenated blood to body

Question 19

four components of human growth and development and some of the factors (real-life examples) that influence the development of each component

Answer 19

-physical (exercise, nutrition, sleep)
-emotional (family, hormone changes)
-social (media, peer relationships, clubs/sports)
-cognitive (screen time, school, peer relationships)

-what impacts all is being a part of teams/sports/clubs

Question 20

three phases of movement

Answer 20

-preparation (has to be proper)
-execution (creates momentum for movement)
-follow-through (continues movement and gets balance for finishing)

Question 21

three fundamental movement skills

Answer 21

-stability (balance)= stark stand, bending, twisting (baseball swing)
-locomotion (transferibility)= running, hopping, skipping (running to base)
-manipulation (object control)= catching a ball

Question 22

characteristics of an athlete being in “the zone”

Answer 22

-state of flow
-being very mentally focused blocking out distractions, necessary for top athletic performance

Question 23

Newton’s three laws of motion and real-life examples of each one)

Answer 23

1) inertia- standing on bus and suddenly moving
2) acceleration- swinging to hit a ball
3) reaction- body check or jumping off floor

Question 24

What is the Harris Benedict equation used for?

Answer 24

-used to calculate daily caloric intake and metabolic rate (how many calories the body burns without moving much)
-different equations for men and women

Question 25

energy balance (calories taken in vs. calories burned - What are the outcomes? – i.e., what produces weight loss? weight gain?)

Answer 25

-calorie intake < calories burned (weight loss)
-calorie intake >calories burned (weight gain)
-caolrie intake = calories burned (balanced)

-reisstance training + weight training and proper nutrition is good for weight loss

Question 26

difference between simple carbs and complex carbs

Answer 26

-simple carbs = sugars: pop, junk food, processed food, juices, honey : spikes blood sugar, digested faster

-complex carbs = starches: whole grains, cereal, pasta : has fibre and protein, keeps fuller for longer, good to have in large portions, digested slower

Question 27

know the 13 core nutrients listed on Canadian Nutrition Facts Labels

Answer 27

-cholesterol
-carbohydrates
-calcium
-sugars
-fats
-saturated fats
-trans fat
-sodium
-protein
-fibre
-vitamin a
-vitamin c
-iron

Question 28

F.I.T.T. principle and what each component of it is

Answer 28

-outline s4 basic elements of good exercise:
F- frequency
I- intenisty (weight training vs reisstance training)
T- type (aerobic vs anaerobic, VO2 max)
T- time (should start off short, and increase overtime)

Question 29

five training principles that complement F.I.T.T.

Answer 29

-individual difference (genetics)
-progressive overload (doing more work overtime)
-reversibility (“lose it or use it”)
-specificity (train for what u need)
-diminishing returns (plateau due to genetics)

Question 30

Plyometrics training - What is its purpose?

Answer 30

plyometrics training= resistance training that has stretch-shortening exercises because it stretches and shortens the muscles (body weight)
-beneficial for improving explosive movements (power, speed)

Question 31

difference between pharmacological aids and physiological aids

Answer 31

-pharmacological aids- illigeal/legal drugs that enhance ahtletic performance (pain-masking drugs)
-physiological aids- substances/techniques that influence the composition of bodily systems, effecting performance (blood doping)

Question 32

erythropoietin - athletes in which types of sports would benefit form using it and why/how

Answer 32

-erythropoietin- natural gorwth hormone found in kidneys, and increases RBC production, increasing O2 capacity (athletes who need a high VO2 max like endurance running can benefit)

Question 33

essay outline

Answer 33

1. FIIT principle- teenagers trying to learn about how to treat their body without others influence, what their goal is. also helps with future and understanding how to adjust workouts to individual differences. human movement varies.
2. history of physical activity and sport- different evolutions/time periods influenced what sports is today, helping to appreciate the social and cultural evolutions. also understanding women evolved and looked at from positive attitude.
3. cardiorespiratory system- understanding that exercise and physical fitness impacts your heart health and lung health, and vice versa. training helps increase VO2 max, decrease resting heart rate, strengthens left ventricle so betters contraction, and decreases risk of heart attack, coronary artery disease, etc. as young teens, its relevant in kin as it is an understanding of the human body mechanisms and physical health. how to treat and prevent asthma and heart attacks. also understanding the heart functions impacts your physical activity: people who are more fit have higher VO2 max and reach onset of blood lactate accumulation later than those untrained.