chapter 5 super quiz Flashcards
skeletal system labeling
POSTERIOR VIEW:
-Sagittal suture
-Cervical spine (C1-C7) (C1= atlas, C2= atlas)
-Thoracic spine (T1-T12)
-Lumbar (L1-L5)
-Sacrum
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-Parietal bones
-Occipital bone
-Scapula (shoulder blade)
-Humerus
-Ilium
-Coccyx
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Calcaneus (heel)
ANTERIOR VIEW:
-Frontal bone
-Temporal bone
-Zygomatic bone
-Xiphoid process
-12 ribs (7 true ribs, 3 false ribs, 2 floating ribs)
-Sacrum
-Carpals
-Metacarpels
-Phalanges
-Fibula
-Tibia
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-Maxilla
-Mandible
-Clavicle
-Manubrium
-Sternum
-costal cartilage
-humerus
-radius
-ilium
-ulna
-symphysis pubis
-femur
-patella
-talus
-metatarsals
-phalanges
6 types of synovial joints
*ball-and-socket joints:
-found at hip and shoulder
-ex. rotating hip (circular, forward, and backward movement)
*gliding joints:
-found in ankle and wrist
-ex. moving foot left to right, moving hand left to right
*hinge joints:
-found in the fingers, elbows, toes, knees, and ankles
-ex. bending elbow
*pivot joints:
-found in the neck, wrist, and elbow
-ex. shaking your head no
*saddle joints:
-found at thumb
-ex. thumbs up, gripping
*ellipsoid joints:
-found in phallanges, wrist, and ankle
-ex. rotating the wrist
planes of movement + axis
*sagital plane -> horizontal axis:
-divides body into right and left half
-imagine wall in trapping you from right and left- you’re moving front or back)
-ex. boxing jab/punch, arm circles, running, bicep curl, forward roll
*transverse plane -> longitudinal axis:
-splits body into top and bottom half
-moving left or right
-rotation
-ex. lateral lunges, high side karate kick, spinning
*frontal plane -> antero-posterior axis:
-splits body into front and back half
-imagine wall trapping you in front and back- you only move up or down)
-ex. calf raises, air squats, raising arms to sides, cartwheel, stepping side to side
terms used to describe movement:
-plantar flexion: heels rise
-dorsiflexion: heels go down
-extension: bending joint
-flexion: stretching joint
-abduction: away from body
-adduction: toward body
-supination: thumbs out
-pronation: thumbs in
-inversion: outside of foot
-eversion: inside of foot
-internal rotation: toward midline
-external rotation: away from midline
-elevation: up
-depression: down
-circumduction: going through abduction/adduction
other important notes:
-the axis of rotation is always perpendicular to the plane of movement
-C1 = atlas
-C2 = axis
-human skeleton is made up of 206 bones (humans start life with more bones than that- about 300- but overtime these bones fuse as growth takes place)
describing locations on body in terms of anatomical position
-distal: further away from point of attachment
-proximal: closer to point of attachment
-posterior: back
-anterior: front
-superior: closer to skull
-inferior: closer to floor
-medial: closer to midline
-lateral: further from midline
5 main functions of the skeletal system
1) structural support: provides support for soft tissues (internal organs and muscles)
2) protection: protects delicate parts of body (brain by skull, heart/lungs by rib cage)
3) growth centre for cells: red blood cells and platelets are made in bones
4) reservoir of minerals: regulates the level of calcium and phosphorus in body
5) movement: tendons attach muscles to bones, and muscles contract and move bones to facilitate
movement
5 types of bones
*long:
-found in the arms and legs
-ex. FEMUR
-ex. femur, fibula, tibia, ulna, radius, humerus,
*short:
-found in wrists, fingers, ankles, and toes
-ex. CARPALS
-ex. phalanges, carpals, talus, calcaneus, coccyx, symphysis pubis, manubrium
*flat:
-found in skull, ribs, hips
-ex. PARIETAL BONE
-ex. parietal, occipital, scapula, ilium, sternum
*irregular:
-found in spine, skull,
-ex. VERTEBRAE
-ex. maxilla, mandible, sacrum, spine
*seasmoid:
-found in knee bone
-ex. PATELLA
difference between the appendicular and axial skeleton
*axial skeleton:
-has less bones (80)
-vertebral column, skull, rib cage
*appendicular skeleton:
-has more bones (126)
-pectoral girdle, arms & forearms, hands, pelivs, thighs & legs, feet & ankles
3 types of fractures, stress fracture, shin splint, osteroperosis, and fracture symptoms + difference between dislocation & separation
FRACTURE: bone “breaks”; divided into 3 types
*simple fracture: a crack (“hairline fracture”)
*compound fracture: bone breaks into separate pieces (crack from left to right)
*comminuted fracture: broken ends of bone shatter into pieces
*stress fracture: occur when your muscle becomes too fatigued to take the load placed on it and transfers it to the bone; due to rapid increase in activity (when usually not used to it), harder surface, wearing improper footwear
*shin splint: painful condition on medial/lateral side of tibia; if left untreated, can turn into serious injury/stress fracture; happens because of overuse without adequate recovery time
*osteoperosis: involves low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue ; can lead to bone fractures in hip, spine, and wrist ; women can lose up to 20% of their bone mass in the 5-7 years following menopause, leading to osteoperosis
*FRACTURE SYMPTOMS:
-swelling
-discolouration of skin
-pain and tenderness
-grating/grinding movement
*dislocation: bone is displaced from its original position
*separation: tear in connecting tissue/ligament of joint (more serious)
3 types of joints
*fibrous joint:
-immoveable
-the joints between the interlocking bones of the skull, known as sutures
-sutures become immobile after birth
-ex. found in skull
*cartilaginous joint:
-slightly moveable
-2 bones connected with cartilage
-permits some movement but protects body from severe jolts (such as landing hard on your feet)
-ex. found in spine (23 intervertebral disks of spine)
*synovial joint:
-fully moveable
-consists of articular cartilage, joint capsule (synovial membrane which allows certain nutrients to pass through and fibrous capsule which prevents leakage), joint cavity (reduces friction), bursae, intrinsic ligaments, and extrinsic ligaments
-ex. found in knee, wrist, and shoulder
