unit 8- natural selection (14&15)

Question 1

evolution

Answer 1

a change in gene frequency over time

change of organisms over time

Question 2

adaptation

Answer 2

trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success in a particular environment

Question 3

descent with modification

Answer 3

identified hat species on earth today descended from ancestral species

Question 4

natural selection

Answer 4

“survival of the fittest”
process where individuals that are best fit for their environment survive to reproduce
(the change in groups of organisms through time)

Question 5

how old is the earth

Answer 5

4.5 billion years old

Question 6

4 basics of natural selection

Answer 6

• individuals show a variety of genes
• variations pass from parent to offspring
• more offspring are produced than the environment can support
• variations that increase reproductive success will be more likely to be passed on

Question 7

darwin

Answer 7

collected specimens and observed finches to develop two main points- descent with modification & natural selection

Question 8

artificial selection

Answer 8

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that human value
(Ex.dogs)

Question 9

fossil record

Answer 9

chronological collection of life’s remains in the rock layer (old on bottom, new on top)

Question 10

three parts of comparative anatomy

Answer 10

• homologous structures
• analogous structures
• vestigial structures

Question 11

homologous structures

Answer 11

similar structures inherited by a common ancestor

Ex. arms/ wings

Question 12

analogous structures

Answer 12

structures used for the same purpose and have similar features but aren’t inherited from the same ancestor
(Ex. wings- needed to fly but evolved separately)

Question 13

vestigial structures

Answer 13

structures that are reduced forms of functional structures in organisms
(things that don’t really work anymore)
(Ex. human appendix)

Question 14

bottleneck

Answer 14

when a population declines to a very low number

Question 15

founders effect

Answer 15

small amount of organisms from a population become isolated from other populations. those traits are passed along which can lead to a change in frequency

Question 16

genetic drift

Answer 16

any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance

Question 17

types of genetic drift

Answer 17

founders effect and bottleneck

Question 18

reproductive isolation

Answer 18

prevents gene flow among populations

Question 19

types of reproductive isolation

Answer 19

prezygotic & postzygotic isolation

Question 20

geographic isolation

Answer 20

a physical barrier dividing two or more populations

Question 21

adaptive radiation

Answer 21

(divergent evolution) diversification of a species into a number of different species in a relatively short period of time
(follows mass extinction)

Question 22

biological fitness

Answer 22

measure of the relative contribution an individual trait makes to the next generation
(measurement of how many can reproduce)

Question 23

population

Answer 23

a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area at the same time

Question 24

variation

Answer 24

the differences among members of the same species

Question 25

gene pool

Answer 25

all of the alleles in all the individuals that make up a polulation

Question 26

4 patterns of natural selection

Answer 26

• stabilizing
• directional
• disruptive
• sexual

Question 27

stabilizing selection

Answer 27

eliminates extremes- assuming the “average” organism (produces more offspring)

Question 28

directional selection

Answer 28

allele frequencies shift in one direction

Question 29

disruptive selection

Answer 29

population is split into 2 groups

individuals of 2 extremes survive

Question 30

sexual selection

Answer 30

the more attractive to the opposite sex, the more likely one is to reproduce and pass on those genes

Question 31

speciation

Answer 31

the creation of new species

Question 32

coevolution

Answer 32

(mutualism)

species evolve in close relationship with each other

Question 33

convergent

Answer 33

unrelated species evolve with similar traits

environments are far apart but ecology and climate are similar

Question 34

continental drift

Answer 34

movement of continents about earths surface.

Question 35

endosymbiont theory

Answer 35

small aerobic prokatyotes were ingested by larger ones. created a mutualistic relationship

Question 36

taxonomy

Answer 36

identification, naming, and classification of species

Question 37

classification for taxonomy

Answer 37

Life, Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
(king phillip chocked on four gob stoppers)