unit 5- molecular genetics (11&13)

Question 1

3 main differences between DNA & RNA

Answer 1

DNA- thymine
RNA- uracil

DNA-deoxyribose
RNA- ribose

DNA- double helix
RNA- single twisted strand

Question 2

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

Answer 2

• uracil
• adenine
• guanine
• cytosine

Question 3

What are the complements of nucleic bases in RNA?

Answer 3

• adenine & uracil

- guanine & cytosine

Question 4

what happens during transcription?

Answer 4

DNA is turned into RNA

- mRNA is created (like DNA replication, but with only one strand & with uracil instead of thymine)

Question 5

Where does transcription occur?

Answer 5

In the nucleus

Question 6

translation

Answer 6

changing RNA to amino acids to make proteins

Question 7

reactants and products of translation

Answer 7

reactant- mRNA

product- amino acids (proteins)

Question 8

where does translation occur

Answer 8

in ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm

Question 9

3 parts of a nucleotide in RNA

Answer 9

• ribose sugar
• nitrogenous base
• phosphate

Question 10

3 types of RNA

Answer 10

• messenger RNA (mRNA)
• ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
• transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 11

codon

Answer 11

in RNA, a three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid

Question 12

what kind of RNA makes up codons

Answer 12

rRNA

Question 13

3 stop codons

Answer 13

UAA-UAG-UGA

to stop the ribosome from continuing the sequence and messing up the protein being made

Question 14

start codon

Answer 14

AUG

used to signal where a new amino acid sequence should start

Question 15

anticodons

Answer 15

a triplet of bases that is complementary to the codon in mRNA

Question 16

what type of RNA makes up anticodon

Answer 16

tRNA

Question 17

what is the purpose of the genetic code table?

Answer 17

to “translate” what amino acids that codons code for

Question 18

mRNA

Answer 18

messenger RNA

• the primary sequence of bases after transcription
• carries the codons out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

Question 19

rRNA

Answer 19

ribosomal RNA

a type of RNA made up to create the ribosome which is needed to change the mRNA into amino acids

Question 20

tRNA

Answer 20

transfer RNA

the anticodon and directs the amino acid to match up with the codons (anticodon and amino acids are connected together)

Question 21

mutation

Answer 21

any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA

Question 22

3 types of mutuations

Answer 22

• substitution
• deletion
• insertion

Question 23

substitution (mutation)

Answer 23

switching out one base for another

Ex) aCtgtca -> aTtgtca

Question 24

deletion (mutation)

Answer 24

taking out a base of the sequence

Ex) aCtgtca -> a_tgtca

Question 25

insertion (mutation)

Answer 25

adding in a base into a sequence

Ex) actgtca -> aGctgtca

Question 26

mutagen

Answer 26

physical or chemical agent that causes mutations

Question 27

Bacteria

Answer 27

• used to introduce new genes into other organisms (plasmids)
• mass production of useful genes and proteins
• make medicine (human benefit)
• can make a lot very fast (easily accessible

Question 28

Biotechnology

Answer 28

The use of organisms to perform practical tasks for humans

Question 29

restriction enzymes

Answer 29

enzyme that cuts sugar- phosphate bonds in the DNA backbone at specific points within particular nucleotide sequences in DNA

Question 30

plasmids

Answer 30

small, circular DNA molecule found in bacteria that is separate from the bacterial chromosome

Question 31

when are restriction enzymes used?

Answer 31

to cut apart foreign DNA to move fragments around

Question 32

Cloning DNA

Answer 32

1) restriction enzymes cut plasmids in one place and DNA in many places
2) the DNA fragment “sticky end” comes into the plasmid and connects according to the base pairing
3) DNA ligase joins the pieces- forming a recombinant DNA plasmid
4) bacteria takes in the recombinant plasmid
5) cell division results in many recombinant plasmids`

Question 33

PCR

Answer 33

polymerase chain reaction

technique that makes many copies of DNA without using a living organism

Question 34

things needed for PCR

Answer 34

• targeted DNA
• DNA polymerase
• primers
• nucleotides

Question 35

process of PCR

Answer 35

put all the ingredients in a test tube, then heat it up to create the designated amount of DNA

Question 36

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 36

Techniques for sorting DNA fragments

This creates the DNS fingerprint

Question 37

How does gel electrophoresis work?

Answer 37

The DNA is charged slightly negative, so when electricity charges the gel, the DNA fragments move through the gel. The smaller the fragment, the further it goes.

Question 38

DNA fingerprinting

Answer 38

The banding pattern produced by gel electrophoresis and restriction fragments

(Everyone has a different DNA fingerprint)