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bio- semester 2 final > all! > Flashcards

all! Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 main differences between DNA & RNA

A

DNA- thymine
RNA- uracil

DNA-deoxyribose
RNA- ribose

DNA- double helix
RNA- single twisted strand

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2
Q

Who is Gregor Mendel?

A

An Austrian monk who found the basic rules of inheritance through a series of expirements

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3
Q

Abiotic factors

A

Non living physical or chemical condition in an environment

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4
Q

evolution

A

a change in gene frequency over time

change of organisms over time

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5
Q

4 nitrogenous bases in RNA

A
  • uracil
  • adenine
  • guanine
  • cytosine
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6
Q

Trait

A

A variation of a particular genetic or characteristic

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7
Q

Biotic factors

A

Any living part of an environment

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8
Q

adaptation

A

trait shaped by natural selection that increases an organism’s reproductive success in a particular environment

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9
Q

What are the complements of nucleic bases in RNA?

A
  • adenine & uracil

- guanine & cytosine

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10
Q

Blending hypothesis

A

Hypothesis in 1800’s explaining how offspring inherited traits from both parents

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11
Q

Ecology

A

Scientific study of the interactions among organisms and their environments

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12
Q

descent with modification

A

identified hat species on earth today descended from ancestral species

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13
Q

what happens during transcription?

A

DNA is turned into RNA

- mRNA is created (like DNA replication, but with only one strand & with uracil instead of thymine)

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14
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity

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15
Q

What are the 5 levels of relationships among biotic and abiotic factors?

A
  • individual organisms
  • populations
  • communities
  • ecosystem
  • biosphere
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16
Q

natural selection

A

“survival of the fittest”
process where individuals that are best fit for their environment survive to reproduce
(the change in groups of organisms through time)

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17
Q

Where does transcription occur?

A

In the nucleus

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18
Q

What did Mendel do for his work?

A

He bread pea plants and studied inheritance patterns for 7 years

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19
Q

population

A

group of individuals of the same species living in a particular area at the same time

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20
Q

how old is the earth

A

4.5 billion years old

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21
Q

translation

A

changing RNA to amino acids to make proteins

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22
Q

Mendel’s hypothesis

A

Parents pass off separate and distinct “factors” to their offspring

(Factors are known as genes now)

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23
Q

community

A

all the organisms living in an area

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24
Q

4 basics of natural selection

A
  • individuals show a variety of genes
  • variations pass from parent to offspring
  • more offspring are produced than the environment can support
  • variations that increase reproductive success will be more likely to be passed on
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25
Q

reactants and products of translation

A

reactant- mRNA

product- amino acids (proteins)

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26
Q

Cross fertilization

A

The name of the process Mendel used to cross two true breeding plants with two contrasting traits

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27
Q

ecosystem

A

community of living things plus the nonliving features of the environment that support them

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28
Q

darwin

A

collected specimens and observed finches to develop two main points- descent with modification & natural selection

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29
Q

where does translation occur

A

in ribosomes which are in the cytoplasm

30
Q

Alleles

A

Alternate forms of genes

31
Q

biosphere

A

all the parts of the planet that are inhabited by living things; sum of all Earth’s ecosystems

32
Q

artificial selection

A

the selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to produce offspring with genetic traits that human value
(Ex.dogs)

33
Q

3 parts of a nucleotide in RNA

A
  • ribose sugar
  • nitrogenous base
  • phosphate
34
Q

Dominant allele

A

An allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to affect the trait

35
Q

microclimate

A

climate in a specific area that varies from the surrounding climate region

36
Q

fossil record

A

chronological collection of life’s remains in the rock layer (old on bottom, new on top)

37
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
38
Q

Recessive allele

A

A allele in a heterozygous individual that appears to not affect the trait

39
Q

Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface

A

regions on Earth’s surface farther from the equator absorb less heat and generally experience cooler temperatures than regions closer to the equator

40
Q

three parts of comparative anatomy

A
  • homologous structures
  • analogous structures
  • vestigial structures
41
Q

codon

A

in RNA, a three-base “word” that codes for one amino acid

42
Q

Homozygous

A

An individual that has two alleles for a character that is the same

43
Q

biome

A

major type of terrestrial ecosystem that covers a large region of Earth

44
Q

homologous structures

A

similar structures inherited by a common ancestor

Ex. arms/ wings

45
Q

what kind of RNA makes up codons

A

rRNA

46
Q

Heterozygous

A

An individual that have two alleles for a character that are different

47
Q

photic zones

A

regions of a body of water where light penetrates, enabling photosynthesis

48
Q

analogous structures

A

structures used for the same purpose and have similar features but aren’t inherited from the same ancestor
(Ex. wings- needed to fly but evolved separately)

49
Q

3 stop codons

A

UAA-UAG-UGA

to stop the ribosome from continuing the sequence and messing up the protein being made

50
Q

Mendel’s principle of segregation

A

The two alleles for a character segregate (separate) during the formation of gametes (sex cells), so that each gamete carries only one allele for each character.

51
Q

aphotic zone

A

deep areas of a body of water where light levels are too low to support photosynthesis

52
Q

vestigial structures

A

structures that are reduced forms of functional structures in organisms
(things that don’t really work anymore)
(Ex. human appendix)

53
Q

start codon

A

AUG

used to signal where a new amino acid sequence should start

54
Q

Mendel’s Principle of Independent Assortment

A

during gamete formation in an F2 cross, a particular allele for one character can be paired with either allele of another character.

gametes are sorted independently

55
Q

population density

A

number of individuals of a particular species per unit area or volume

56
Q

bottleneck

A

when a population declines to a very low number

57
Q

anticodons

A

a triplet of bases that is complementary to the codon in mRNA

58
Q

monohybrid cross

A

mating of two organisms that differ in only one character

59
Q

exponential growth

A

growth of a population that multiplies by a constant factor at constant time intervals

60
Q

founders effect

A

small amount of organisms from a population become isolated from other populations. those traits are passed along which can lead to a change in frequency

61
Q

what type of RNA makes up anticodon

A

tRNA

62
Q

dihybrid cross

A

mating of two organisms that differ in two characters

63
Q

carrying capacity

A

number of organisms in a population that an environment can maintain

64
Q

genetic drift

A

any change in the allele frequencies in a population that is due to chance

65
Q

what is the purpose of the genetic code table?

A

to “translate” what amino acids that codons code for

66
Q

hybrid

A

offspring of two different true-breeding varieties

67
Q

density-dependent factor

A

factor that limits a population more as population density increases

68
Q

types of genetic drift

A

founders effect and bottleneck

69
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNA

  • the primary sequence of bases after transcription
  • carries the codons out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
70
Q

Punnett square

A

diagram showing the probabilities of the possible outcomes of a genetic cross

71
Q

density-independent factor

A

factor unrelated to population density that limits a population

72
Q

reproductive isolation

A

prevents gene flow among populations

bio- semester 2 final (6 decks)

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