Unit 8 (Motivation, Emotion, and Stress) Flashcards
a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior
motivation
a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species
instinct
Instinct theory - naturally predisposed behaviors
Drive reduction theory - how our inner drives and our external pulls interact
Arousal theory - focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Abraham’s hierarchy of needs - discusses how some needs take precedence over others
4 perspectives for viewing motivational behavior
idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensions state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
drive-reduction theory
tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
homeostasis
focuses on physical conditions such as hunger, thirst and temperature
biological homeostasis
involved mental conditions such as consistent, balance, and harmony in one’s thinking-that is seeking equity in the surrounding community, prioritizing one’s life, and promoting peace with the self and others
cognitive homeostasis
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
incentive
the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases
Yerkes-Dodson theory
argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want
Myron Zuckerman
Four Forms of sensation seeking
Thrill and adventure seeking - people may seek excitement in risk but socially acceptable activities such as skydiving, racing
Experience seeking - this represents the desire to seek sensation through the mind, the senses, and nonconforming lifestyle
Disinhibition - those who have chose a middle class lifestyle but find it boring may seek escape in social drinking and partying
Boredom susceptibility - this occurs when people have a low tolerance for experiences that are repetitious or constant
the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When the level is low, we feel hunger
Glucose
this neural traffic intersection includes areas that influence eating. For example, one neural arc, has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones, and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones
Hypothalamus
hormone secreted by pancreas, controls blood glucose
Insulin
hormone secreted by empty stomach, sends the i’m hungry signal
Ghrelin
hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus
Orexin
protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism to decrease hunger
Leptin
Digestive tract hormone, sends i’m not hungry signals to brain
PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)
part of the brain that controls the desire to eat. When stimulated, eating does not cease.
Lateral hypothalamus (Large Hunger)
part of the brain that controls satiety. When stimulated, act as though you have already eaten.
Ventromedial hypothalamus (Very Minute Hunger)
the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution
sexual response cycle
a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot acheive another orgasm
refractory period
a problem that consistently impairs sequal arousal or functioning
sexual dysfunction
sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by femailes than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhumnan female mammals estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.
estrogens
the most important of the male sex hormones. Both genders have it. The presence of it stimulates the growth of male sex organs.
testosterone
The sexual response stages are similar to…
Han Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
a response of the organism involving
1) physiological arousal
2) expressive behaviors
3) conscious experience
emotion
the theory that our experience of emotion is out awareness of out physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli
James-Lange Theory
the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
1) physiological responses
2) the subjective experience of emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory
the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal
two-factor theory
a machine. commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as prespiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.
polygraph
the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.
facial feedback effect
a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine
health psychology
literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.
psychophysiological illness
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
psychoneuroimmunology
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B …form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T … form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
lymphocytes
the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries
coronary heart disease
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, heard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive. and anger-prone people
Type A
the point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.
Set Point
the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Basal Metabolic Rate
influences on the psychology of hunger
Cultural influence
Taste aversion
Environmental factors
Genetic predispositions
Neophobia - dislike of things unfamiliar
We eat to
relieve hunger, to feel comforted, to socialize, or to relieve boredom
people refuse to eat for a variety of reasons
to exert control, lose weight, make a political statement
sexual response cycle
the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm
refractory period
problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning
sexual dysfunction
sex hormones such as estradiol secreted in greater amounts by females than males contributing to female sex characteristics
estrogens
most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulate the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty
testosterone
The sexual response stages are similar to hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome which describes the boyd’s physiological response to stress
1 - alarm reaction phase - body recognizes and prepares to address the stress
2 - resistance phase in which the body fights the stress for an indefinite amount of time
3 - finally body either conquers the stress or exhausts the recourses
emtion
Physiological arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience
the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging
stress
selys concepts of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion
general adaptation syndrome
response under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and to bond with and seek support from others
Tend-and-Befriend
literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness such as hypertensions and headaches
psychophysiological illness
the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health
psychoneuroimmunology
the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B … form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T … form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
lymphocytes
form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
B lymphocytes
form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances
T lymphocytes
clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries
coronary heart disease
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people
Type A
Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people
Type B
