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AP Psychology > Unit 8 (Motivation, Emotion, and Stress) > Flashcards

Unit 8 (Motivation, Emotion, and Stress) Flashcards

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1
Q

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

A

motivation

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2
Q

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

A

instinct

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3
Q

Instinct theory - naturally predisposed behaviors
Drive reduction theory - how our inner drives and our external pulls interact
Arousal theory - focuses on finding the right level of stimulation
Abraham’s hierarchy of needs - discusses how some needs take precedence over others

A

4 perspectives for viewing motivational behavior

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4
Q

idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tensions state that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

A

drive-reduction theory

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5
Q

tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

A

homeostasis

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6
Q

focuses on physical conditions such as hunger, thirst and temperature

A

biological homeostasis

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7
Q

involved mental conditions such as consistent, balance, and harmony in one’s thinking-that is seeking equity in the surrounding community, prioritizing one’s life, and promoting peace with the self and others

A

cognitive homeostasis

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8
Q

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

A

incentive

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9
Q

the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases

A

Yerkes-Dodson theory

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10
Q

argues that people differ in the amount of stimulation they need or want

A

Myron Zuckerman

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11
Q

Four Forms of sensation seeking

A

Thrill and adventure seeking - people may seek excitement in risk but socially acceptable activities such as skydiving, racing
Experience seeking - this represents the desire to seek sensation through the mind, the senses, and nonconforming lifestyle
Disinhibition - those who have chose a middle class lifestyle but find it boring may seek escape in social drinking and partying
Boredom susceptibility - this occurs when people have a low tolerance for experiences that are repetitious or constant

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12
Q

the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When the level is low, we feel hunger

A

Glucose

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13
Q

this neural traffic intersection includes areas that influence eating. For example, one neural arc, has a center that secretes appetite-stimulating hormones, and another center that secretes appetite-suppressing hormones

A

Hypothalamus

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14
Q

hormone secreted by pancreas, controls blood glucose

A

Insulin

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15
Q

hormone secreted by empty stomach, sends the i’m hungry signal

A

Ghrelin

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16
Q

hunger-triggering hormone secreted by hypothalamus

A

Orexin

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17
Q

protein hormone secreted by fat cells, when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism to decrease hunger

A

Leptin

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18
Q

Digestive tract hormone, sends i’m not hungry signals to brain

A

PYY (peptide tyrosine tyrosine)

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19
Q

part of the brain that controls the desire to eat. When stimulated, eating does not cease.

A

Lateral hypothalamus (Large Hunger)

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20
Q

part of the brain that controls satiety. When stimulated, act as though you have already eaten.

A

Ventromedial hypothalamus (Very Minute Hunger)

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21
Q

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

A

sexual response cycle

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22
Q

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot acheive another orgasm

A

refractory period

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23
Q

a problem that consistently impairs sequal arousal or functioning

A

sexual dysfunction

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24
Q

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by femailes than by males and contributing to female sex characteristics. In nonhumnan female mammals estrogen levels peak during ovulation, promoting sexual receptivity.

A

estrogens

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25
Q

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both genders have it. The presence of it stimulates the growth of male sex organs.

A

testosterone

26
Q

The sexual response stages are similar to…

A

Han Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

27
Q

a response of the organism involving
1) physiological arousal
2) expressive behaviors
3) conscious experience

A

emotion

28
Q

the theory that our experience of emotion is out awareness of out physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

A

James-Lange Theory

29
Q

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers
1) physiological responses
2) the subjective experience of emotion

A

Cannon-Bard Theory

30
Q

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must 1) be physically aroused and 2) cognitively label the arousal

A

two-factor theory

31
Q

a machine. commonly used in attempts to detect lies, that measures several of the physiological responses (such as prespiration and cardiovascular and breathing changes) accompanying emotion.

A

polygraph

32
Q

the tendency of facial muscle states to trigger corresponding feelings such as fear, anger, or happiness.

A

facial feedback effect

33
Q

a subfield of psychology that provides psychology’s contribution to behavioral medicine

A

health psychology

34
Q

literally, “mind-body” illness; any stress- related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches.

A

psychophysiological illness

35
Q

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

A

psychoneuroimmunology

36
Q

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system: B …form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections; T … form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

A

lymphocytes

37
Q

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

A

coronary heart disease

38
Q

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, heard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive. and anger-prone people

A

Type A

39
Q

the point at which an individual’s weight thermostat is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight.

A

Set Point

40
Q

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

A

Basal Metabolic Rate

41
Q

influences on the psychology of hunger

A

Cultural influence
Taste aversion
Environmental factors
Genetic predispositions
Neophobia - dislike of things unfamiliar

42
Q

We eat to

A

relieve hunger, to feel comforted, to socialize, or to relieve boredom

43
Q

people refuse to eat for a variety of reasons

A

to exert control, lose weight, make a political statement

44
Q

sexual response cycle

A

the four stages of sexual responding described by masters and johnson Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

45
Q

resting period after orgasm during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

A

refractory period

46
Q

problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

A

sexual dysfunction

47
Q

sex hormones such as estradiol secreted in greater amounts by females than males contributing to female sex characteristics

A

estrogens

48
Q

most important of male sex hormones. Both males and females have it but the additional testosterone in males stimulate the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty

A

testosterone

49
Q

The sexual response stages are similar to hans selye’s general adaptation syndrome which describes the boyd’s physiological response to stress

A

1 - alarm reaction phase - body recognizes and prepares to address the stress
2 - resistance phase in which the body fights the stress for an indefinite amount of time
3 - finally body either conquers the stress or exhausts the recourses

50
Q

emtion

A

Physiological arousal
Expressive behaviors
Conscious experience

51
Q

the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events called stressors that we appraise as threatening or challenging

A

stress

52
Q

selys concepts of the body’s adaptive responses to stress in three phases - alarm, resistance, exhaustion

A

general adaptation syndrome

53
Q

response under stress, people (especially women) often provide support to others and to bond with and seek support from others

A

Tend-and-Befriend

54
Q

literally “mind-body” illness; any stress-related physical illness such as hypertensions and headaches

A

psychophysiological illness

55
Q

the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health

A

psychoneuroimmunology

56
Q

the two types of white blood cells that are part of the body’s immune system
B … form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections
T … form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

A

lymphocytes

57
Q

form in the bone marrow and release antibodies that fight bacterial infections

A

B lymphocytes

58
Q

form in the thymus and other lymphatic tissue and attack cancer cells, viruses, and foreign substances

A

T lymphocytes

59
Q

clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; leading cause of death in many developed countries

A

coronary heart disease

60
Q

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

A

Type A

61
Q

Friedman and Rosenman’s term for easygoing, relaxed people

A

Type B

AP Psychology (8 decks)

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