Unit 8 - Leukopoiesis II Flashcards by Melanie Laird

Lymphopoiesis stages

PSC
LSC
Lymphoblast
Prolymphocyte
Lymphocyte

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Lymphoblast key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

10-18 um
Large round nucleus, 1-2 nucleoli
Very fine chromatin (darker than myeloblast)
Small rim of cytoplasm

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Prolymphocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

Slightly smaller than blast
Chromatin more clumped
ONE SINGLE PROMINENT NUCLEOLUS

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What lymphocyte stage has one singular nucleolus

Prolymphocyte

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Mature lymphocytes size range

7-10um to as large as a monocyte

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What is the current term for a larger lymphocyte

Variant lymphocyte

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What are the historic terms for larger lymphocytes

Reactive lymph
Atypical lymph

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Small mature lymphocyte

Nucleus - size of RBC, dense clumped nucleus
Cytoplasm - Small amount, blue

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Larger mature lymphocyte

Cytoplasm - more abundant
May stain lighter blue
May have granules (NK mostly, maybe T cells)

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Why do variant lymphocytes get their shape

Immunologically stimulated (often viral)
Can be immunoblast precursor

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Key features of variant lymphs

Ballerina skirt, dark blue at edge around RBCs
Nucleus may have nucleoli
Chromatin finer
Irregular nucleus

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What is a immunoblast

Immunologically processed virgin lymph that looks larger and blast-like

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B - Cell immunoblast

B-cell –> Plasmacytoid lymphocyte –> Plasma cell

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T - Cell Immunoblast

T - Cells –> T-effector cells (look like small mature lymphs)

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Megakaryocyte development

PSC
CFU-GEMM
Megakaryoblast
Promegakaryocyte
Megakaryocyte w/o PLT
Megakaryocyte w/ PLT
Bare megaK nucleus w/ PLT
PLT

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What tissues produce thrombopoietin

Liver
Spleen
Kidneys

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What is unique about MegaK development

Nucleus divides (endomitosis)
Cytoplasm doesn’t

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Endomitosis

Nucleus divides, cytoplasm does not

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Megakaryoblast key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

Huge cell, 20-45 um
Fine chromatin
blunt pseudopods
1-2 nucleoli
Bluish cytoplasm, nongranular

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Promegakaryocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

2-4 lobed nucleus
Cytoplasm less blue

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MegaK w/o PLT key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

Nuclei divides -> polyploid
Cytoplasm more abundant
Less basophilic
granules start to form

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MegaK w/ PLT key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

Membrane extensions “proplatelets”
Proplatelets break off as individual platelets.

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Polyploid

Nuclei continues to divide

MegaK nucleus key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

PLT production stops
Nucleus consumed by macrophage

Platelets key features (size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

Fragments of megak cytoplasm Small, 1-4 um Released from MegaK in bone marrow to the peripheral blood Internally complex

Normal plt counts

5-15 PLT/oil field

Decreased PLT counts

<6 PLT/oil field

Increased PLT counts

>15 PLT/oil field

B-Cells processed in

Bursa-equivalent aka Bone marrow

NK cells processed in

Neither thymus or bone marrow In the gut

What do NK cells do

Kill tumor cells Kill virus infected cells

Cellular immunity

T-Cells

Humoral immunity

B-Cells

What percent of lymphs are t-lymphs in the blood

65-80%

CD4 cells

Helper

CD8 cells

Cytotoxic/Suppressor

What % of PBS lymphs are B cells

15-30%

What cells undergo a blast transformation

B cells before they become plasma cells

T- Cell functions

Delayed type hypersensitivity Cytotoxic reactions Regulator T-cells

Normal ratio of CD4 to CD8

2:1

Cytotoxic reactions

Kill virally infected cells Reject translated organs

REgulator T cells

CD4 - interact w other T cells, B cells, and macrophages CD8 - Suppressor shuts off system

B - Cell fxns

Unstimulated, carry immunoglobulin on cell surface Ab release transform into plasma cell or memory B cells

Terminally effector cells

Plasma cells

NK functions

Attack - Tumors Virally infected cells Ab coated cells

Cellular immunity defends against

Intracellular pathogens Graft rejection Immune surveillance for cancer

Humoral immunity defends against

Soluble antigens Extracellular pathogens

How does WBC distribution differ in children from adults?

Reverse diff Lymphocytes more popular than neutrophils

Lymphocyte absolute reference ranges

1.0-4.8 x 10^9/L

Eosinophil absolute reference ranges

0-0.4x10^9/L

Bands absolute reference ranges

0-0.7x10^9/L

Monocytes absolute reference ranges

0.1-0.8x10^9/L

Basophils absolute reference ranges

0-0.2x10^9/L

Immature granulocyte markers

CD33 CD38

Mature neutrophil markers

CD13

B cell markers

CD19 CD20

T cell markers

CD7 (all) CD4 (helper) CD8 (cytotoxic)