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Hematology > Unit 7 - Leukopoiesis I > Flashcards

Unit 7 - Leukopoiesis I Flashcards

1
Q

Leukopoiesis

A

Development of all types of WBC in the bone marrow

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2
Q

Polymorphonuclear cells

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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3
Q

All WBC except __ fully develop in the marrow

A

T lymphocytes

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4
Q

Newborn WBC reference interval

A

9-30 x 10^9/L

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5
Q

First week of life WBC reference interval

A

5-21 x 10^9/L

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6
Q

WBC levels decline with aging

A

Not true

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7
Q

By what age are WBC at adult levels

A

8 years

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8
Q

Adult WBC reference interval

A

4.5-11x10^9/L

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9
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High level of WBC

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10
Q

Leukopenia

A

Low levels of WBC

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11
Q

WBC distribution - Neutrophils

A

40-80%
up to 5% bands

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12
Q

WBC distribution - Lymphocytes

A

25-35%

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13
Q

WBC distribution - Monocytes

A

2-10%

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14
Q

WBC distribution - Eosinophils

A

0-5%

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15
Q

WBC distribution - Basophils

A

0-1%

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16
Q

What is the best way to diagnostically evaluate WBC

A

Absolute count, compensates for low/high WBC

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17
Q

Absolute WBC count formula

A

% cell type X WBC total

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18
Q

Normal neutrophil absolute count

A

1.7-7.0 x 10^3 PMN/uL

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19
Q

Neutrophils combat

A

Bacteria

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20
Q

Eosinophils are able to..

A

Weak phagocytes
Attack parasite toxins
chill out allergic reactions

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21
Q

Overall function of granulocytes

A

Phagocytosis & Digestion of pathogens

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22
Q

Overall function of monocytes

A

Non specific
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation to T cells

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23
Q

Granulopoiesis process

A

PSC
GEMM
Progenitor committed stem cell
Recognizable precursors

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24
Q

Neutrophil precursors

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Myelocyte
Metamyelocyte
Band neutrophil
Segmented neutrophil

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25
Q

Myeloblast key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

Large - 15um
High N/C ratio
Purple nucleus
Blue cytoplasm
NO granules
2-5 nucleoli
Fine, even chromatin
Golgi not very visible

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26
Q

Promyelocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

CAN be larger than promyelocyte
12-20 um
High N/C Ratio
Primary, non-specific granules
Chromatin more coarse
Nucleoli less distinct

27
Q

Myelocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

15 um
Primary and specific granules
Nucleus on one side and flat
Chromatin more clumped
Nucleoli not visible
N/C ratio smaller
Last stage that can mitose

28
Q

What is the last neutrophil precursor that can mitose

A

Myelocyte

29
Q

Metamyelocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

14 um
Nucleus begins to indent
Chromatin more clumped

30
Q

Band key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

Nucleus indented more than 1/2 its width
Chromatin very clumped

31
Q

Seg Neutrophil key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

Nucleus very clumped, separated into lobes
Connected by thin strand
3-5 lobes normally

32
Q

How many segs does a normal neutrophil have

A

3-5 lobes

33
Q

Eosinophil and Basophil maturation stages

A

Myeloblast
Promyelocyte
Eo/Basophillic myelocyte
Eo/Basophillic metamelocyte
Eo/Basophillic band
Eo/Basophilic segmented, 1-2 lobes

34
Q

How many lobes do eosinophils and basophils have

A

1-2

35
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

Bone marrow and tissues
not blood

36
Q

How long are neutrophils in the bone marrow for

A

7-8 days total

37
Q

How long are neutrophils in the mitotic pool for

A

2-3 days
Myeloblast –> myelocyte

38
Q

How long are neutrophils in the storage pool for

A

5-7 days
Metamyelocyte –> segmented

39
Q

How long do neutrophils stay in the PBS

A

7-10 hours

40
Q

How are leukocytes attracted to invaders

A

Chemotaxis

41
Q

Explain the process of diapedesis

A

Attraction by chemotaxis
Adhesion to vessel walls
Diapedesis through walls into tissue
Phagocytsis of infectious agent

42
Q

Explain phagocytosis of neutrophils

A

Attraction by chemotaxis
Binding to surface by receptors
Pseudopodia eat microbe –> vacuole
Granules fuse with vacuole and release contents
Requires energy from glycolysis
Usually results in death

43
Q

What is the unique granule in neutrophilic line

A

Myeloperoxidase

44
Q

What are other fxns of neutrophils

A

Activate coagulation system
Interact with kinin system (coagulation)
Secrete IL-1 to induce fever

45
Q

What granulocyte other than neutrophils are technically capable for phagocytosis

A

Eosinophils
Basophils

46
Q

Basophils have receptors for

A

IgE

47
Q

When a basophil s bound to IgE, wha is released

A

Histamine release –> immediate hypersensitivity

48
Q

How do basophils function in the coag system?

A

Via heparin granules

49
Q

Monocyte hematopoiesis

A

Monoblast
Promonocyte
Mature monocyte

50
Q

Monoblast key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

Indented nuclei
Nucleoli visible
Cytoplasm grayish blue
May have vacuoles
More abundant cytoplasm than myeloblast

51
Q

Promonocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

Slightly more mature with indented or folded nucleus

52
Q

Mature monocyte key features
(size, N/C ratio, cytoplasm, nucleus, granules, nucleoli, Golgi)

A

Cytoplasm - grayish blue, fine granules (ground glass), blunt pseudopods, vacuoles common
Larger than neutrophil
Nucleus folded or indented or convoluted
Chromatin has dark and light areas versus lymphocyte with dense clumping

53
Q

How long do macrophages live in the tissues

A

Months

54
Q

Functions of macrophages

A

Vacuum cleaner
Immune responder
Specialized fan in specific issues

55
Q

What do monocytes do in peripheral blood

A

Patrol along vessel walls
Respond to inflammation –> diapedesis –> tissue becomes macrophage

56
Q

How do monocyte marginal pools differ from PMNs?

A

3x larger

57
Q

Mono/macro phagocytosis

A

Attracted to site by chemotaxis
Necrotaxis - attn to dead cells
Phagocytosis

58
Q

Which leukocytes function in cellular immunity

A

Lymphocytes
monocytes

59
Q

How do monocytes aid in cellular immunity

A

Phagocytize cells with intracellular bacteria and present the epitope to T cell
Tumor cells

60
Q

Late stages of bacterial invaders

A

Monocytes

61
Q

Initial stages of bacterial invaders

A

Neutrophil

62
Q

Contents of monocyte/macrophage lysosomal granules

A

Phosphatases
Esterases
Lysozyme
Arylsulfatase

63
Q

Contents of neutrophil granuels

A

Lysozymes
Myleperoxidase

Hematology (12 decks)

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