Unit 1 - Intro and Hematopoiesis Flashcards
Which cell morphology term relates to the active state of a cell that allows transcription?
Parachromatin (aka euchromatin)
What kind of cell has parachromatin? How does it appear.
Immature Cells
Light-staining
Which cell morphology term relates to the inactive state of a cell that does not allow transcription?
Chromatin (aka heterochromatin)
What kind of cell has chromatin? How does it appear?
Mature cells
Dense, dark staining
What is the mainstays of stains used in hematology?
Romanowski Stains
How do Romanowski stains stain the basic parts of a cell?
The basic part of a cell is attracted to the eosin, which is the acidic component of the stain
How do romanowski stains stain the acidic parts of a cell?
The acidic part of a cell is attracted to the methylene blue, which is the basic component of the stain
What color is eosin/acidic part of the stain?
Red-orange
What color is the methylene blue/basic part of the stain?
Bluish purple
Why are RBCs red
They are basic and are attracted to the acidic eosin
Why are DNA & RNA blue
They are acidic and attracted to the basic methylene blue
G1
Cell components minus chromosomes are duplicated
S
The 46 chromosomes are duplicated
G2
The cell checks the duplicated chromosomes for error
Mitosis
Cell division
What is the order of a standard cell cycle?
G1, S, G2, Mitosis
What regulates hematopoiesis?
Hormones
Growth Factor
Apoptosis
Where does adult hematopoiesis take place?
The axial skeleton and the proximal ends of long bones
What does it mean if the bone marrow outside of the axial skeleton is producing blood cells? In adults
There is a disease state
What organs are secondary hematopoietic sites?
Liver
Spleen
What does extra medullary mean?
That areas outside of the middle or medulla of the bone are conducting hematopoiesis.
Stem Cell Marker
CD34
When and where does the embryonic stage of hematopoiesis occur?
Up to 6 weeks gestation
Yolk Sac, AGM
When and where does the fetal stage of hematopoiesis occur?
From around 2mo up to 9 mo gestation
FetalLiver & Spleen
What is the predominant organ conducting hematopoiesis during fetal stage of development?
Liver
When does the liver peak in hematopoiesis?
6 months gestation
When and where does the neonatal stage of hematopoiesis occur?
At birth
Occurs in all bones
When does the body begin replacing red marrow with yellow marrow?
Around 4 years of age until 18 years of age
Why do newborns produce blood cells in all bones?
They’re primarily all red marrow to allow for fast growth
Where is active bone marrow?
In extravascular bone spaces between trabecular
How much of bone marrow is active in an adult?
Half active (red), Half inactive (yellow)
What is trebeculae?
Supportive structure in bone marrow that forms a mesh that is full of bone marrow
Hematopoiesis definition
production and development of blood cells
each with unique structure, function, and life span
when does hematopoiesis occur?
Constantly to maintain homeostasis
When does bone marrow begin to be replaced by fat cells
4 years of age
What happens to bone marrow from between 4-18 years of age
more bone marrow replaced by yellow marrow and confined to axial and proximal ends of bones
How do cells develop? What formation
In islands that are made up of one cell
What is studied in MDTC 301 (this course)
Hematopoiesis
Blood cell physiology
Cell counts and differentiation
RBC disorders (anemias)
WBC disorders (non-neoplastic)
Instrumentation
What is studied in MDTC 401 (next course)
Coag (inc. platelets)
Bone marrow studies
Cancers (leuk & lymphoma)
neoplastic disorders
body fluids
QC & Instrumentation
All cells share a common ancestor. Who?
Pluripotent stem cell. (PSC or HSC)
What are the two ways precursor cells divide?
Self renewal, maintaining stem cell pool
Differentiation into blood cells
What cells produce growth factors?
Marrow stromal cells (adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts)
Endothelial cells (cells that line the blood vessels)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes/Macrophage
What are the multi-lineage and early acting growth factors?
Non-specific
- stem cell factor
- GM-CSF
-IL-3
-IL-6
-IL-11
What are the restricted linearge, and late acting growth factors?
G-CSF
M-CSF
EPO
TPO
IL-5
What are indirect-acting and stimulates other cells to release growth factors?
IL-1
what does IL-1 do? and NOT do?
They do not stimulate colonies by themselves, they tell other cells to release growth factors
Pleiotropic definition
Multiple biologic activities
What does it mean when growth factors are pleiotropic?
They have other functions besides stimulating cells to mature into a cell type
Growth factors are often produced by what?
Stromal cells
Full hematopoiesis requires…?
Multiple stimulation sources
What do growth factors act on?
Cell receptors
Growth Factors can act as…
Negative Regulators of Hematopoiesis
How do negative growth factor regulators work?
Inhibit growth factors
Promote apoptosis
How can growth factors be used therapeutically?
EPO in renal disease
G-CSF and GM-CSF after chemo
IL-1 enhance APR
What is the first recognizable cell in a cell series?
____blast
How does N/C (nuclear:cytoplasmic) ratio change during maturation?
Decrease
What does it mean when cytoplasm is color blue? (basophilic)
Mature color of cell line
