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Hematology > Unit 1 - Intro and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Intro and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

Which cell morphology term relates to the active state of a cell that allows transcription?

A

Parachromatin (aka euchromatin)

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2
Q

What kind of cell has parachromatin? How does it appear.

A

Immature Cells
Light-staining

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3
Q

Which cell morphology term relates to the inactive state of a cell that does not allow transcription?

A

Chromatin (aka heterochromatin)

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4
Q

What kind of cell has chromatin? How does it appear?

A

Mature cells
Dense, dark staining

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5
Q

What is the mainstays of stains used in hematology?

A

Romanowski Stains

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6
Q

How do Romanowski stains stain the basic parts of a cell?

A

The basic part of a cell is attracted to the eosin, which is the acidic component of the stain

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7
Q

How do romanowski stains stain the acidic parts of a cell?

A

The acidic part of a cell is attracted to the methylene blue, which is the basic component of the stain

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8
Q

What color is eosin/acidic part of the stain?

A

Red-orange

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9
Q

What color is the methylene blue/basic part of the stain?

A

Bluish purple

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10
Q

Why are RBCs red

A

They are basic and are attracted to the acidic eosin

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11
Q

Why are DNA & RNA blue

A

They are acidic and attracted to the basic methylene blue

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12
Q

G1

A

Cell components minus chromosomes are duplicated

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13
Q

S

A

The 46 chromosomes are duplicated

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14
Q

G2

A

The cell checks the duplicated chromosomes for error

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15
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell division

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16
Q

What is the order of a standard cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

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17
Q

What regulates hematopoiesis?

A

Hormones
Growth Factor
Apoptosis

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18
Q

Where does adult hematopoiesis take place?

A

The axial skeleton and the proximal ends of long bones

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19
Q

What does it mean if the bone marrow outside of the axial skeleton is producing blood cells? In adults

A

There is a disease state

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20
Q

What organs are secondary hematopoietic sites?

A

Liver
Spleen

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21
Q

What does extra medullary mean?

A

That areas outside of the middle or medulla of the bone are conducting hematopoiesis.

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22
Q

Stem Cell Marker

A

CD34

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23
Q

When and where does the embryonic stage of hematopoiesis occur?

A

Up to 6 weeks gestation
Yolk Sac, AGM

24
Q

When and where does the fetal stage of hematopoiesis occur?

A

From around 2mo up to 9 mo gestation
FetalLiver & Spleen

25
Q

What is the predominant organ conducting hematopoiesis during fetal stage of development?

A

Liver

26
Q

When does the liver peak in hematopoiesis?

A

6 months gestation

27
Q

When and where does the neonatal stage of hematopoiesis occur?

A

At birth
Occurs in all bones

28
Q

When does the body begin replacing red marrow with yellow marrow?

A

Around 4 years of age until 18 years of age

29
Q

Why do newborns produce blood cells in all bones?

A

They’re primarily all red marrow to allow for fast growth

30
Q

Where is active bone marrow?

A

In extravascular bone spaces between trabecular

31
Q

How much of bone marrow is active in an adult?

A

Half active (red), Half inactive (yellow)

32
Q

What is trebeculae?

A

Supportive structure in bone marrow that forms a mesh that is full of bone marrow

33
Q

Hematopoiesis definition

A

production and development of blood cells
each with unique structure, function, and life span

34
Q

when does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Constantly to maintain homeostasis

35
Q

When does bone marrow begin to be replaced by fat cells

A

4 years of age

36
Q

What happens to bone marrow from between 4-18 years of age

A

more bone marrow replaced by yellow marrow and confined to axial and proximal ends of bones

37
Q

How do cells develop? What formation

A

In islands that are made up of one cell

38
Q

What is studied in MDTC 301 (this course)

A

Hematopoiesis
Blood cell physiology
Cell counts and differentiation
RBC disorders (anemias)
WBC disorders (non-neoplastic)
Instrumentation

39
Q

What is studied in MDTC 401 (next course)

A

Coag (inc. platelets)
Bone marrow studies
Cancers (leuk & lymphoma)
neoplastic disorders
body fluids
QC & Instrumentation

40
Q

All cells share a common ancestor. Who?

A

Pluripotent stem cell. (PSC or HSC)

41
Q

What are the two ways precursor cells divide?

A

Self renewal, maintaining stem cell pool
Differentiation into blood cells

42
Q

What cells produce growth factors?

A

Marrow stromal cells (adipocytes, fibroblasts, osteoblasts)
Endothelial cells (cells that line the blood vessels)
Lymphocytes
Monocytes/Macrophage

43
Q

What are the multi-lineage and early acting growth factors?

A

Non-specific
- stem cell factor
- GM-CSF
-IL-3
-IL-6
-IL-11

44
Q

What are the restricted linearge, and late acting growth factors?

A

G-CSF
M-CSF
EPO
TPO
IL-5

45
Q

What are indirect-acting and stimulates other cells to release growth factors?

A

IL-1

46
Q

what does IL-1 do? and NOT do?

A

They do not stimulate colonies by themselves, they tell other cells to release growth factors

47
Q

Pleiotropic definition

A

Multiple biologic activities

48
Q

What does it mean when growth factors are pleiotropic?

A

They have other functions besides stimulating cells to mature into a cell type

49
Q

Growth factors are often produced by what?

A

Stromal cells

50
Q

Full hematopoiesis requires…?

A

Multiple stimulation sources

51
Q

What do growth factors act on?

A

Cell receptors

52
Q

Growth Factors can act as…

A

Negative Regulators of Hematopoiesis

53
Q

How do negative growth factor regulators work?

A

Inhibit growth factors
Promote apoptosis

54
Q

How can growth factors be used therapeutically?

A

EPO in renal disease
G-CSF and GM-CSF after chemo
IL-1 enhance APR

55
Q

What is the first recognizable cell in a cell series?

A

____blast

56
Q

How does N/C (nuclear:cytoplasmic) ratio change during maturation?

A

Decrease

57
Q

What does it mean when cytoplasm is color blue? (basophilic)

A

Mature color of cell line

Hematology (12 decks)

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