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MT 6315 (Cytogenetics) > UNIT 7.2: Chromosome Banding > Flashcards

UNIT 7.2: Chromosome Banding Flashcards

1
Q

A part of a chromosome which is clearly distinguishable from its adjacent segments by appearing darker or lighter

A

band

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2
Q

History of Chromosome Banding

In 1958, Caspersson et al., published their first paper describing the use of ____ to stain chromosome there by ushered in a new era of chromosome banding

A

Quinacrine mustard

a fluorescent dye

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3
Q

History of Chromosome Banding

The ____ was the first attempt to provide nomenclature for chromosome banding in any species and thus its recommendations have been adopted to nonhyman species as well

A

The Paris report (1971)

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4
Q

Why study banding pattern?

A

allows you to see smaller pieces of the chromosome, so that you could identify smaller structural chromosome abnormalities not visible on a routine analysis

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5
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

Q

A

Quinacrine

Casperson et al. (1958)

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6
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

G

A

Giemsa

Summer et al. (1971)

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7
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

N

A

NOR

Matsui & Sasaki (1973)

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8
Q

Classification of Banding Techniques

C

A

Centromeric

Linde & Laursen (1978)

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9
Q

Q-banding

Staining technique used in Q-banding

A

Quinacrine (QTQ)

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10
Q

Q-banding

Microscope Used in Q-banding

A

Fluorescent microscope

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11
Q

Q-banding

Uses and advantages of Q-banding

A
  • ID of all chromosomes and bands
  • Reveals polymorphisms on chromosomes 3,4,13,15,21,22 and Y
  • easily destained for sequential staining
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12
Q

G-banding

Staining techniques used in G-banding

A
  • Giemsa (GTG)
  • Wrights
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13
Q

G-banding

Microscope used in G-banding

A

Brightfield microscope

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14
Q

G-banding

Uses and advantages of G-banding

A
  • ID of all chromosomes and bands
  • Permanent stain
  • Simple photography
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15
Q

R-banding (Reverse banding)

Staining techniques used in R-banding

A
  • Giemsa (RHG)
  • CH3/DA
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16
Q

R-banding (Reverse banding)

Microscopes used in R-banding

A
  • Brightfield microscope- Giemsa (RHG)
  • Fluorescent microscope - CH3/DA
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17
Q

R-banding (Reverse banding)

Uses and advantages of R-banding

A
  • ID of all chromosomes and bands
  • Visualization of ends of chromosomes and small positive R-bands
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18
Q

Replication banding

Staining techniques used in Replication banding

A
  • Hoechst
  • Hoechst and Giemsa
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19
Q

Replication banding

Staining techniques used in Replication banding

A
  • Hoechst
  • Hoechst and Giemsa
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20
Q

Replication banding

Microscopes used in Replication banding

A
  • Fluorescent microscope -Hoechst
  • Brightfield microscope- Hoechst and Giemsa
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21
Q

Replication banding

Uses and advantages of Replication banding

A

ID of all chromosomes and bands, and of inactive, late-replicating X chromosome

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22
Q

C-banding

Staining techniques used in C-banding

A

Giemsa (CBG)

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23
Q

C-banding

Microscope used in C-banding

A

Brightfield microscope

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24
Q

C-banding

Uses and advantages of C-banding

A
  • ID of all centromeric and distal Y heterochromatin
  • Reveals polymorphisms including heterochromatin inversions
  • Evaluation of ring and dicentring chromosomes
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25
Q

NOR banding

Staining technique used in NOR banding

A

AgNO3

26
Q

NOR banding

Microscope used in NOR banding

A

Brightfield microscope

27
Q

NOR banding

Uses and advantages of NOR banding

A
  • ID of active NOR
  • reveals polymorphisms and rearrangements of acrocentric chromosomes
28
Q

DA-DAPI staining

Staining techniques used in DA-DAPI staining

A
  • Distamycin A/DAPI
  • distamycin A/Hoechst
29
Q

DA-DAPI staining

Microcope used in DA-DAPI staining

A

Fluorescent microscope

30
Q

DA-DAPI staining

Uses and advantages of DA-DAPI staining

A
  • ID of centromeric heterochromatin regions of chromosomes 1,9,15,16,and Y
  • Useful in evaluation of chromsome 15-derived markers
31
Q

Type of Banding

  • Giemsa stain
  • AT-rich regions stain darker than GC-rich regions
A

G-banding

32
Q

Type of Banding

Quinacrine fluorescent dye stains AT-rich regions

A

Q-banding

33
Q

Type of Banding

  • Banding pattern is opposite G-banding
  • GC-rich regions stain darker than AT-rich regions
A

R-banding

34
Q

Type of banding

  • Stains heterochromatic regions close to the centromeres
  • Usually stains the entire long arm of the Y chromosome
  • Denaturation with barium hydroxide followed by giemsa
  • The dark bands represent heterochromatin near centromere
A

C-banding

35
Q

Q Banding Techniques

The __ __ region quenches dye and fluorescence, situated in heterochromatin region

A

AT region

For Region rich in AT bases (dark staining)

36
Q

Q Banding Techniques

The __ __ region quenches dye but do not fluorescence, situated in euchromatin region

A

GC region

For Region rich in GC bases (light staining)

37
Q

Q Banding Techniques

Advantages of Q banding

A
  • Simple and versatile
  • Used where G band is not accepted
  • Used in study of chromosome heteromorphism
38
Q

Q Banding Techniques

Disadvantages of Q banding

A
  • Tendency to fade during examination (photo-degredation)
  • Chromophore - absorb light of a particular wavelength due to chemical bond formed between dye and light, UV light breaks the chemical bond
39
Q

G banding Techniques

Used to denature protein

A

Weak trypsin/ Urea / Protease

40
Q

G banding Techniques

Interaction of the DNA with thiazine and eosine components of sysin brightens sulfur rich regions

A

When treated with Giemsa

41
Q

G banding techniques

Different types of Giemsa stains

A
  • Methylene Azure
  • Methylene Violet
  • Methylene Blue
42
Q

G banding Techniques

Advantages of G banding

A
  • Identification of bands rich in sulfur content
  • Identification of chromosomal abnormalities
  • Gene mapping
43
Q

G banding Techniques

Disadvantages of G banding

A

Not used in plants

44
Q

N Banding

After air drying the chromosome, it will be treated with 5% ____ at 95 °C for _____ mins

A

Trichloroacetic acid
30 minutes

45
Q

N banding

After being treated with Trichloroacetic acid, it will be treated with 0.1N ____ at 60°C for 30 minutes

A

HCl

46
Q

N banding Techniques

What are the advantages of N banding?

A
  • Identification of nucleolar organizer region
  • Superior banding pattern for plants
47
Q

N banding techniques

What is the disadvantage of N banding technique?

A

The chemicals (TCA & HCl) create fumes which may be harmful

48
Q

C banding technique

After harvesting the chromosome, what will it be treated with?

A

Alkali solution

DNA denaturing takes place

49
Q

C banding technique

After being treated with Alkali solution, it will be washed with ___ at 60°C for 30 minutes

A

Sodium Citrate

Repeatative DNA renature but unique DNA do not renature

50
Q

C banding technique

C banding only stains what?

since sodium citrate renatures them

A

heterochromatins

51
Q

C banding techniques

Advantages of C banding techniques

A
  • Identification of chromosomes, particularly in insects and plants
  • Identification of bivalents at diakinesis using both centromere positions
  • Paternity testing
  • Gene mapping
52
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

What is another term for the short arm of a chromosome?

A

p (for petit)

53
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

What is another term for the long arm of a chromosome?

A

q (for queue)

54
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

Short arm and long arm is seperated by a what?

A

a centromere

55
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

Each chromosome arm is divided into regions that is called?

A

Cytogenetic bands

that can be seen using a microscope and special stains

56
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

The cytogenetic bands are labeled ____ counting from the centromere out toward the telomeres

A

p1,p2,q1,q2, etc

57
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

At higher resolutions, ____ can be seen within the bands. These are also numbered from the centromere out toward the telomere

A

sub-bands

58
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

Example of a cytogenetic map location of a gene:
7q31.2

A

This indicates that the gene is on chromosome 7, q arm, band 3, sub-band 1, sub-sub band 2

59
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

End of chromosomes are labeled ____ and ____

A

ptel and qtel

60
Q

Representation of a chromosome band

The notation 7qtel refers to?

A

the telomeric end of the q-arm of chromosome 7

61
Q

ISCN

A

International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature

MT 6315 (Cytogenetics) (11 decks)

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