UNIT 1 Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards
Which of the following is classified under classical cytogenetics?
A. CGH
B. FISH
C. G-banding
D. Alphoid probes
C. G-banding
(A, B, and D are molecular cytogenetics)
The pioneering effort of this scientist led to the first attempts to determine the number of chromosomes using laboratory techniques.
Theophilus Painter
Estimated 48 chromosomes.
In the laboratory, chromosomes are stained to allow proper visualization and increase the contrast. This technique was pioneered by?
Walther Flemming
Aniline staining.
Chromosomal crossover between homologous chromosomes is important because it results in new combinations of genes that are different from either parent, contributing to genetic diversity. This process was first theorized by:
Walter Stanborough Sutton
British scientist _______’s application of radiation science was truly history. This scientist’s work with X-Ray crystallography conformed the double-helix structure of the DNA molecule.
Rosalind Franklin
Who among the following scientists discovered the process of horizontal gene transfer by which some bacteria take up foreign genetic material (naked DNA) from the environment?
A. Erwin Chargaff
B. Frederick Griffith
C. Cyril Dean Darlington
D. Walter Stanborough Sutton
B. Frederick Griffith
A (Chargaff’s rule)
C (Eugenics)
D (Genetic diversity)
Which of the following is the pioneering contribution of Wilhelm von Waldeyer in the field of cytogenetics?
a. The naming of chromosomes based on anatomical-morphological concepts.
b. The enumeration of the number of chromosomes from a human sample.
c. The use of culture techniques to allow the study of chromosomes
a. The naming of chromosomes based on anatomical-morphological concepts.
B (Painter)
C (Moorehead et al.)
The first ‘correct’ karyotype of a human diploid chromosome is credited to:
Tjio and Levan
He called the microorganisms that he found everywhere in vast numbers “very many little animalcules”
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
He observed nucleus in a plant cell while studying the process of fertilization in the year 1831.
Robert Brown
(discovered nucleus in Tradescantia)
In 1964 in De sexu plantarum (On the Sex of Plants), who produced the clear experimental evidence for the sexuality of plants?
Rudolf Jacob Camerarius
pollen = male
pistil = female
He believed that the long necks of giraffes evolved as generations of giraffes reached for ever higher leaves.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
It is a mechanism of action that includes tubulin depolymerization and disruption of mitotic spindles.
Colchicine
Aniline dyes are ____ (acidic;basic), and this is the reason why they stick to nucleic acids which are acidic in nature.
Basic
Aniline is derived from which material?
Coal tar
What kind of chromosome did Painter discovered in insects?
Polytene
What represents an individual’s complete set of chromosomes?
Karyotype
This term also refers to a laboratory-produced image of a person’s chromosomes isolated from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order.
Karyotype
This principle states that the amount of cytosine was very close to equaling the amount of guanine.
Chargaff’s rule
TRUE or FALSE:
A = T is equal to G = C
FALSE
A = T does not equal to G = C
________ studies include techniques such as amniocentesis followed by FISH.
Pre-natal screens
FISH could also be used to study ____ such as those that are a product of translocation, chromosomal gain or loss, or deletion of p53 gene.
Cancer
The main focus of the study of Cytogenetics is the nuclear content of the cell, particularly the?
Chromosomes
This is qualitative changes in chromosomal structure.
Aberration
This is useful for studies of chromosomal that has odd numbers of chromosomes.
Aneuploidy
IN CML, the fusion gene is detected in _____ FISH, in which the cell is in a generative but non-replicative phase.
Interphase fish
This technique for analyzing solid tumors was first done by Kallioniemi and colleagues in 1992.
Comparative Genome Hybridization (CGH)
