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Forensics 101 > unit 7: toxicology > Flashcards

unit 7: toxicology Flashcards

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1
Q

toxicology:

A

study of drugs, poisons, toxins

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2
Q

poisons:

A

substances that are absorbed through the skin, gut, or inhaled

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3
Q

toxins:

A

poisonous substance produced within living cells or organisms

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4
Q

venom:

A

poisonous substance secreted by animals and injected through bite or sting

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5
Q

toxicologists:

A
  • examines the effects of substances on the body
  • establishes a cause and effect from the exposure
  • develops treatments and techniques for detection
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6
Q

substances toxicologists look for:

A
  • misused legal drugs
  • illegal and controlled drugs
  • environmental toxins
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7
Q

methods of exposure:

A

ingesting, inhaling, injections, absorbtion

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8
Q

3 ways someone is exposed to a toxin:

A
  1. intentionally- prescription medicine
  2. accidentally- poisoned
  3. deliberately- suicide
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9
Q

toxins can be detected through examining:

A
  • blood
  • sweat
  • tears
  • stomach content
  • fluids from eyes
  • urine
  • hair
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10
Q

toxicity:

A

the degree to which a substance is harmful

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11
Q

toxicity depends on:

A
  1. dose- how much you take
  2. duration- length of the exposure
  3. nature of the exposure- how it got in your system
  4. interaction- medical, alcohol, etc.
  5. by-products broken down- some makeup can break down into toxins
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12
Q

399 B.C.

A

Socrates poisoned with hemlock

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13
Q

1600s

A

arsenic used by rich people to poison rival families and to settle dispute

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14
Q

1800s

A

chemical analysis to detect arsenic and other poisons in human tissues

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15
Q

1959

A

FDA formed- evaluates products used in foods, drugs, and cosmetic

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16
Q

1970s

A

controlled substance act

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17
Q

1978

A

Georgi Markov stabbed with umbrella and injected with ricin capsule

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18
Q

2006

A

Litvinenko poisoned with polonium exposure

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19
Q

evidence can be found as:

A
  • pills
  • powders
  • liquids
  • botanical matters (seeds, leaves, mushroom)
  • crystals
  • embedded in food, paper, candy
  • objects
  • clothing
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20
Q

addiction:

A

a physical process associated with drug use whereby a person craves a drug; failure to take the drug can result in withdrawal symptoms

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21
Q

dependency:

A

a powerful craving for a drug; unlike addiction, dependency does not result in physical withdrawal symptoms upon discontinuation

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22
Q

tolerance:

A

a condition occurring with consistent use of one drug whereby a person needs more and more of the drug to produce the same effect

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23
Q

withdrawal:

A

symptoms caused by sudden discontinuation of the drug

24
Q

schedule I drug:

A
  • no medical use
  • high potential for abuse
  • ex. heroin, LSD, marijuana
25
Q

schedule II drug:

A
  • severely restricted medical use
  • high potential for abuse
  • moderate to low risk of dependency
  • ex. cocaine, meth, oxycodone
26
Q

schedule III drug:

A
  • accepted medical use
  • moderate potential for abuse
  • moderate to low risk of dependence
  • ex. barbituates, steroids, ketamine
27
Q

schedule IV drug:

A
  • medical use
  • low potential for abuse
  • moderate to low risk of dependence
  • ex. xanax, sleeping pills, valium
28
Q

schedule V drug:

A
  • widely used for medical purposes
  • low potential for abuse
  • contains limited quantities of narcotics
  • ex. tylenol with codeine, robitussin
29
Q

illegal drugs:

A
  • schedule I narcotics
  • addictive
  • depressants
  • suppress pain
30
Q

hallucinogens:

A

affect the perception, thinking, self-awareness, and emotions

31
Q

controlled substances:

A
  • stimulants, narcotics, depressants, etc.
  • schedule II-IV
32
Q

stimulants:

A
  • highly addictive
  • increases feeling of energy while suppressing appetite
  • tolerance built requiring more substance
  • side effects: high bp, rapid heart rate, depression after effect, bleeding in the brain
  • cocaine, caffeine, meth
33
Q

narcotics:

A
  • legal opiates prescribed for extreme pain
  • high risk of addiction
  • controlled substances with prescriptions
  • side effects: difficulty breathing, confusion, loss of consciousness
  • morphine, hydromorphone, oxycodone
34
Q

depressants:

A
  • drugs that relieve anxiety and produce sleep
  • highly addictive
  • abrupt withdrawal can be fatal
  • overdose causes, death, loss of coordination, coma
  • barbituates, alcohol, benzodiazepines
35
Q

alcohol:

A
  • central nervous system depressant
  • high tolerance
  • legal but potent drug
  • breathalyzer to determine BAC
36
Q

anabolic steroids:

A
  • promote cell and tissue growth and division
  • originally used to treat hypogonadism
  • schedule II drugs
37
Q

drug testing:

A

hair is more commonly used than urine

38
Q

marijuana

A
  • schedule one
  • cannabis
  • distorted perception, low bp, dizziness, paranoia, anxiety, confusion
39
Q

heroin

A
  • schedule one
  • narcotics
  • drowsiness, depression, blue fingernails and lips, constricted pupils, flushing of skin, dry mouth
40
Q

methamphetamine

A
  • schedule two
  • stimulant
  • agitation, high heart rate, paranoia, stroke, death, high bp, high body temp
41
Q

cocaine

A
  • schedule two
  • stimulant
  • loss of appetite, stroke, paranoia, cardiac arrest, anxiety, irritable
42
Q

barbituates

A
  • schedule three
  • depressant
  • relief of anxiety, sleepiness, clammy skin, suicidal thoughts, coma
43
Q

xanax

A
  • schedule four
  • depressant
  • amnesia, hostility, clammy skin, dilated pupils, weak pulse, coma
44
Q

LSD

A
  • schedule one
  • hallucinogen
  • distorted perception of shapes and sizes, acute anxiety, depression, psychosis, death
45
Q

acute poisoning:

A
  • high doses over short period of time
  • symptoms are seen immediately
  • cyanide poisoning
46
Q

chronic poisoning:

A
  • small doses over long period of time
  • symptoms are not very visible
  • typ[ically not reversible
47
Q

arsenic poisoning:

A
  • used in the production of pesticides, herbicides, wood preservation, etc.
  • used to treat syphilis until 20th century
  • symptoms: garlic odor in breath, hypersalivation, vomiting, abdominal pain, skin lesion
48
Q

mercury poisoning:

A
  • sources: broken mercury thermometer, some skin products, certain types of fish
  • symptoms: hearing difficulties, memory problems, anxiety, tremors
49
Q

lead poisoning:

A
  • causes: using lead-based paints, water pipes, cosmetics, herbal remedies, lead bullets
  • symptoms: loss of appetite, weight loss, headaches, fatigue
50
Q

carbon monoxide:

A

cars, WWII gas chambers

51
Q

hydrogen cyanide and potassium chloride:

A

capital punishment

52
Q

pesticides kil ___ and herbicides kill ___

A

insects; plants

53
Q

almost ___ of the individuals in federal prison are there because of drug-related offenses

A

half

54
Q

presumptive tests:

A

conducted by 1st responders

55
Q

confirmatory tests:

A

conducted by toxicologists

Forensics 101 (7 decks)

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