Unit 7 Test Flashcards
Causes of the Crimean War
Russia’s ambition in the Black Sea Region; Two branches of Catholicism going against each other
Uniqueness of the Crimean War
The public was aware of what was going on in the war
Nations involved in the Crimean War
Russia vs. France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire
Facts about Florence Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing; took 30 nurses to field hospitals, reformed them; Lady with the Lamp
Effects of the Crimean War
Caused an era of Ottoman Reform, the Tanzimat; Treaty of Paris (1856); Russia forced to withdraw from Moldavia, Russian invincibility discredited; Concert of Europe discredited
Nationalist leaders of Italy and their significance
Giuseppe Mazzini (The Heart/Soul), Giuseppe Garibaldi (The Sword), Count Camillo Cavour (The Head), Victor Emmanuel II, Piedmont (The Magnet)
Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels
Impressed by Enlightenments; utilitarianism; Italy needed Frances help to unify; spread of Nationalism through Italy; Machiavellian
Political ideology and form of government favored by Cavour
Utilitarianism; conservative; anti-Republican; in favor of constitutional monarchy; favored industry
Reforms of the Ottoman Empire
Liberal reforms; Ottoman Constitution, short lasting parliamentary system, Sultan didn’t like it; Tanzimat
Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III
Pact of Plumbieres; agreed to provoke war with Austria, and pave way for Italian unification
Circumstances leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian Nation
Austro-Prussian War in 1866; Prussia gives Venetia to Italy
Role of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italian Unification
The Magnet; led by Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour
Cavour’s keys to the unification of Italy
Believed in strong industry; intervention from foreign powers; national societies
Facts about/significance/role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification
He united the southern half of Italy; eventually incorporated into the northern half to have a full unified Italian Nation; Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
The Birth of Italy as a Nation
Autumn of 1860; Constitutional Monarchy
Most important political development between 1848-1914
Unification of Germany
Facts about Otto van Bismarck
Prime minister under Wilhelm; Unification without Austria; Industry; Military; favored constitutional monarchy
Two strongest and rival states of the German Confederation
Austria and Prussia
Evidence that Bismarck was a pragmatist
“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power. . . . The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions - that was the mistake of 1989-1948 - but by iron and blood.”
Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism
Went around liberals to achieve unification
Causes of the Danish War of 1864
Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein; Treaty of Gastine, Schleswig to Prussia, Holstein to Austria
Effects of the Seven Weeks’ War
Austro-Prussian War; Prussia victorious; Bismarck achieves unification without Austria
Houses of the North German Confederation Govt.
Lower Branch: Reichstag; Federal Branch: Bundesrat
The Bad-Ems Telegram
Sent by Wilhelm I to Otto van Bismarck; Bismarck changed it to provoke war with France; Way to get Germany and south to unify
Facts about the Franco-Prussian War
1870-1871; Secured German unification in 1871; Unified north and south; Battle of Sedan; Napoleon III prisoner of war; France forced to pay cost of war
French rulers since 1789
Louis XVI, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III
Facts about the Paris Commune
New municipal government; March 28, 1871; Intended to administer Paris separate from rest of France; Dominated by Bourgeoisie
Impact of emergence of German Empire
Germany was now a superpower; Conservatism was a blow to liberalism
Facts about the Dreyfus Affair
December 22, 1894; Found Dreyfus guilty of passing secret info to German army; covering up the corrupt French military
Facts about the 19th century Habsburg Empire
Absolutist; Dynastically ruled; agricultural; Francis Joseph; military bureaucracy
The Ausgleich of 1867
Created Austria-Hungary; separate states, had same currency and common military
Czech Trialism and opposition to it
Hungary; Germans in Bohemia and Moravia
Reforms of Alexander II
Parliament in Russia; Assassinated before putting Duma in place; Westernized judicial system; 1860-1974: Went from 25 years of active duty to 6 years of active duty; Abolition of serfdom, caused impoverished peasants; Communes and Zemstvos
Problems with serfdom in Russia
Armies; Domestic revolts; Economically inefficient; Viewed as immoral and unethical
Impacts that emancipation had on Russian serfs
Pay 49 year mortgage; Marry freely; Right to sue; Economic rights; Buy and sell land
Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WWI
Russification; Make them into a little Russia
Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II
Populist formed by intellectuals; Took ideas from Alexander Herzen’s The Bell; Land and Freedom; People’s Will
Significance of William Gladstone’s ministry
1868-1874; Witnessed culmination of classical British liberalism; 1870: Government controlled school
Facts about Benjamin Disraeli
Conservative politician; Public Health Act of 1875 and Artisans Housing Act of 1875
Ireland’s movement for home rule
Irish land league in late 1870’s; Leader for home rule was Charles Stuart Parnell; 1881: passed Irish land act that strengthened tenant rights
Significance of new German Empire in Europe
Economic and Naval rival; Russian reforms; Austria weakened and seek reform; France isolated and weakened
Bismarck’s goal for Germany
Maintain it as unified and strong, no expansion
Facts about the Russo-Turkish War
1877
Facts and Results of Congress of Berlin
Treaty of Sans-Stefano; Bismarck “honest broker”; Austria-Hungary gets Bosnia-Herzegovina; Russia lost 2/3 of land to Bulgaria
Three Emperor’s League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordiale, Triple Entente
T.E.L. - Russia and Austria; T.A. - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; Dual - Germany and Austria-Hungary; Entente Cordiale - France and Britain; Triple Entente - Russia, France and Britain
Facts about Kaiser William II and his political goals
Young, hot headed, eager; dismissed Bismarck as chancellor
The “Powder Keg of Europe”
Balkan Peninsula
Factors that led to World War I
Secret alliance systems; Balkan wars; Young Turks take over Ottoman Empire; June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated
Impact of Second Morocco Crisis
1911; Wilhelm II and Germany threaten France; strengthened alliance between France and Britain
Facts and significance of assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand
June 28, 1914; The Black Hand; Princip killed him; survived a bomb
Responses from the Dual Alliance and Triple Entente following the assassination of Francis Ferdinand
Troop mobilization on the Eastern front between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany; Britain tries to stay out of war as long as possible
1st country to mobilize against Russia
Austria
The Schlieffen Plan
Germanys attempt to avoid a two front war; French first, then Russia
Reasons Germany was blamed for the war
“Blank Check” to Austria; Declared war on France and Russia; Invaded Belgium
Facts/Characteristics/Battles of the Western Front
Battle of the Marne; Battle of Verdun; Battle of the Somme; No man’s land; English channel; Trench warfare
Weapons used during WWI
Machine gun, poison gas, tanks, submarines, planes, artillery, zeppelines
New Entries into the war starting 1915 and the sides they joined
Italy and Japan join Allies in 1915; Romania shortly joins Allies in 1916; U.S. joins Allies in 1917
Colonel T.E. Lawrence and his role during WWI
British general; Rallied support of Arabs; Caused trouble for Turkish
Facts about the Battle of Gallipoli
Anzac: British, Australian and New Zealand forces; mastermind plan of Winston Churchill; plan was to take over Mediterranean and take out Ottoman Empire; attempt to get trade route with Russia through Black Sea; Allies lost
Reasons for U.S. entry into war
Sinking of the Lusitania, killing 118 Americans; The Zimmerman Note; Russian revolution pulling Russia out of the war
Woodrow Wilson’s view of WWI
Idealistic crusade “ to make the world safe for democracy “
Causes of the March Revolution in Russia
Tsar Nicholas II collapsed; in November, Bolshevik party seized power from Provisional Government; result of monarchs inability to rule
Significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs
Tsar Nicholas II son had Hemophilia, Rasputin helped his son; gained influence with Tsar Nicholas’ wife
Facts about the Bolsheviks
Working against provisional government; Leader was V.I. Lenin; Demanded all political power go to Soviets
Description and significance of Soviets
Councils
Actions of Bolsheviks after seizing power
Nationalized land and turned it over to peasant proprietors; Factory workers put in charge of plants; state seized banks; Took Russia out of WWI
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
Russia yielded Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, and Ukraine; Bolsheviks also agreed to pay a heavy war indemnity
Last German Offensive
Gamble everything for a last push on Paris before U.S. arrives; After defeat, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire withdraw from war
Casualties of WWI
10,000,000 died, 20,000,000 wounded; 5,000,000 Allied troops died, 4,000,000 Central troops died, 1,000,000 civilians died
Effects of the War
Tons of casualties; Austria-Hungary splits into a bunch of countries; Russia is the USSR; Ottoman Empire is gone; Tons of war debt from destruction; USA is new superpower; Communism is a new political force; Fascism counters it; WWII
Results/Effects of the Treaty of Versailles and Severs regarding the Ottoman Empire
Wanted peace w/out victors;
Facts about the Greco-Turkish war
Greeks wanted more land; Mustafa Kemal led Turks, defeated Greeks; Turkey becomes a country in 1923
The “Big Four”
Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando
Obstacles to peace faced by the Big Four
Publicity, everything was public; Woodrow Wilson, his ideals were unrealistic; Nationalism; The Victors, each victor wanted a ton of stuff; Bolshevism, growing fear of communism
Key parts of WIlson’s Fourteen Points
Self-Determination, Open Diplomacy, Freedom of the Seas, Disarmament, League of Nations
