Unit 7 Test Flashcards
Causes of the Crimean War
Russia’s ambition in the Black Sea Region; Two branches of Catholicism going against each other
Uniqueness of the Crimean War
The public was aware of what was going on in the war
Nations involved in the Crimean War
Russia vs. France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire
Facts about Florence Nightingale
Founder of modern nursing; took 30 nurses to field hospitals, reformed them; Lady with the Lamp
Effects of the Crimean War
Caused an era of Ottoman Reform, the Tanzimat; Treaty of Paris (1856); Russia forced to withdraw from Moldavia, Russian invincibility discredited; Concert of Europe discredited
Nationalist leaders of Italy and their significance
Giuseppe Mazzini (The Heart/Soul), Giuseppe Garibaldi (The Sword), Count Camillo Cavour (The Head), Victor Emmanuel II, Piedmont (The Magnet)
Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels
Impressed by Enlightenments; utilitarianism; Italy needed Frances help to unify; spread of Nationalism through Italy; Machiavellian
Political ideology and form of government favored by Cavour
Utilitarianism; conservative; anti-Republican; in favor of constitutional monarchy; favored industry
Reforms of the Ottoman Empire
Liberal reforms; Ottoman Constitution, short lasting parliamentary system, Sultan didn’t like it; Tanzimat
Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III
Pact of Plumbieres; agreed to provoke war with Austria, and pave way for Italian unification
Circumstances leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian Nation
Austro-Prussian War in 1866; Prussia gives Venetia to Italy
Role of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italian Unification
The Magnet; led by Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour
Cavour’s keys to the unification of Italy
Believed in strong industry; intervention from foreign powers; national societies
Facts about/significance/role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification
He united the southern half of Italy; eventually incorporated into the northern half to have a full unified Italian Nation; Expedition of the Thousand (1860)
The Birth of Italy as a Nation
Autumn of 1860; Constitutional Monarchy
Most important political development between 1848-1914
Unification of Germany
Facts about Otto van Bismarck
Prime minister under Wilhelm; Unification without Austria; Industry; Military; favored constitutional monarchy
Two strongest and rival states of the German Confederation
Austria and Prussia
Evidence that Bismarck was a pragmatist
“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power. . . . The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions - that was the mistake of 1989-1948 - but by iron and blood.”
Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism
Went around liberals to achieve unification
Causes of the Danish War of 1864
Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein; Treaty of Gastine, Schleswig to Prussia, Holstein to Austria
Effects of the Seven Weeks’ War
Austro-Prussian War; Prussia victorious; Bismarck achieves unification without Austria
Houses of the North German Confederation Govt.
Lower Branch: Reichstag; Federal Branch: Bundesrat
The Bad-Ems Telegram
Sent by Wilhelm I to Otto van Bismarck; Bismarck changed it to provoke war with France; Way to get Germany and south to unify
Facts about the Franco-Prussian War
1870-1871; Secured German unification in 1871; Unified north and south; Battle of Sedan; Napoleon III prisoner of war; France forced to pay cost of war
French rulers since 1789
Louis XVI, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III
Facts about the Paris Commune
New municipal government; March 28, 1871; Intended to administer Paris separate from rest of France; Dominated by Bourgeoisie
Impact of emergence of German Empire
Germany was now a superpower; Conservatism was a blow to liberalism
Facts about the Dreyfus Affair
December 22, 1894; Found Dreyfus guilty of passing secret info to German army; covering up the corrupt French military
Facts about the 19th century Habsburg Empire
Absolutist; Dynastically ruled; agricultural; Francis Joseph; military bureaucracy