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AP® European History flashcards
1
Q

Characteristics of Nationalism

A

People joined by common language, customs, culture, and history; should be under the same government

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2
Q

Nationalism’s conflict with principles of the Congress of Vienna

A

Protested multinational states; domestic and international order was challenged; no dynastic rule over area, rule should be based on ethinicity

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3
Q

Difficulties of Nationalism

A

Deciding which ethnic group could be nations, big enough to have a good economy, sufficient military, a common national language.. etc.

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4
Q

Regions of 19th century nationalistic pressure

A

Britain, Germany, Italy, Poland, Eastern Europe, Balkan Peninsula

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5
Q

Definitions of Liberals according to Conservatives

A

Anyone or anything that challenged their own political, social or religious values

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6
Q

Political goals of 19th century liberals

A

Tried to limit the governments power over the people; legal equality, religious toleration, and freedom of the press

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7
Q

19th century liberals and the origins of their ideas

A

British Model (religious toleration, capitalism, stable government, constitution), Enlightenment, and Principles of 1789

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8
Q

Economic goals of 19th century liberals

A

Removal of international tariffs; manufacture and sell goods freely; opposed to guild system and government regulation

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9
Q

Major pillars of 19th century conservatism

A

1) Throne (Legitimate Monarchies)2) Land (Landed Aristocracies)3) Altar (Established Churches)

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10
Q

Klemens von Metternich

A

Leading conservative; architect of Congress of Vienna; Dynastic Integrity; Austrian

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11
Q

Burschenschaftens

A

Radical college frats in Germany, protested; banned by Carlsbad Decrees

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12
Q

The Spa Field Riots

A

December 1816, mass meeting in Spa Fields outside London; ended in creation of Coercion Acts, temporarily suspended habeas corpus

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13
Q

The Peterloo Massacre

A

August 1819, mass meeting at Saint Peter’s Fields; suppressed by local militia, 11 killed, more injured

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14
Q

The Six Acts

A

1) Forbade public gatherings2) Raised fines for seditious libel3) Speedy trial for instigators4) Raised newspaper taxes5) Right of Search and Seizure6) No troop training

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15
Q

Louis XVIII as monarch

A

The Charter; ultraroyalism; Bourbon, preceded Napoleon

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16
Q

Major Powers of Congress of Vienna

A

Austria, Russia, Prussia, Britain

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17
Q

Concert of Europe

A

Congress system with a goal to maintain balance of power in Europe

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18
Q

Ferdinand VIII’s rule after the fall of Napoleon

A

Bourbon, ruled Spain; said he would rule constitutionally

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19
Q

Demands of the Treaty of London

A

Turkish recognition of Greek independence

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20
Q

Spark of independence movements throughout Latin America

A

French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars

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21
Q

Toussaint L’Overture impact on Latin American Independence

A

Began the revolt for Haitian slave independence

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22
Q

Haitian slave rebellion

A

1st successful assault on colonial government in Latin America; started by Toussaint L’Overture

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23
Q

Tsar Alexander I and his successor

A

Died suddenly, led to a dynastic crisis, Nicholas I ends as new Tsar, he gave boyar and streltsy rights, wanted separation from west

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24
Q

Event that exposed the backwardness of Russia to its soldiers

A

When Russian forces defeated Napoleon, they were introduced to ideas of Enlightenment and Revolution

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25
Q

Tsar Alexander I and political reforms

A

Abandoned liberal reforms for autocratic rule; conservative Tsar with no westernization

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26
Q

The Northern and Southern Societies

A

Northern - wanted constitutional monarchy, more moderateSouthern - led by Pestel, split from Northern Society

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27
Q

Nicholas I views on serfdom

A

Bad; but it would be worse to have charge and abolish it

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28
Q

Slogan of Tsar Nicholas

A

“Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism”

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29
Q

Uniqueness/significance of the Decembrist Revolt

A

1st organized public rebellion with an agenda

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30
Q

Russian Tsar and infringements upon other countries

A

Russia tried to control Poland, took control, Russian Tsar wanted to run Poland as a Russian Mini State

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31
Q

Four Ordinances

A

1) Restricted freedom of press2) Dissolved Chamber of Deputies3) Limited franchise to wealthy4) New elections

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32
Q

Charles X and his domestic policies

A

No constitutional rule; divine right; indemnify Chamber of Peers (via Chamber of Deputies); restores primogeniture; punished sacrilege

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33
Q

Facts about Louis Philippe

A

Tricolor flag instead of Bourbon flag; King of the French, liberal, no censorship, anticlerical; declared Catholicism religion of majority, not “official religion”

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34
Q

Great Reform Bill and its impact on the English electorate

A

Extended vote to 50%; helped avoid revolution

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35
Q

Daniel O’Connell

A

Irish Nationalist

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36
Q

Great Britain and its support for independence in Latin America

A

Commercial reasons

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37
Q

Major events taking place in 1830

A

July Revolution; Charles X abdicates; Greece recognized as independent sovereignty in Treaty of London; Belgian Revolt; Polish Revolt

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38
Q

Where the Industrial Revolution encouraged Britain to invest in the early 19th century

A

Capital goods and Luxury goods; railway and factories

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39
Q

Population growth in Britain, France, and Germany by mid 19th century

A

Britain:France: 42 million to 46 millionGermany:

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40
Q

Impact on cities due to 19th century urbanization

A

Put pressure on physical resources, caused more slums, crime, pollution, disease and prostitution

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41
Q

Emancipation of serfs in France, Prussia, Austria and Russia

A

France: 1789Prussia: 1807Austria: 1848Russia: 1861

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42
Q

Causes and effects of the Irish Famine of 1845-1849

A

Caused by drought, blight (potato disease), laws restricting Irish Catholics, and dependency of the potatoEffected mainly the Irish population, which dropped 1.5 million, and mass emigration, many Irish people moving to America

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43
Q

Results of railway improvements on consumer economy

A

Cheaper and faster passage of raw materials and finished products

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44
Q

Limits of workers in the new labor marketplace

A

Varied and diverse

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45
Q

Proletarianization

A

Working class who work for a wage

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46
Q

Chartist reform movement/measures

A

The Peoples Charter; 6 reforms; get political, social reforms, and economic reforms

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47
Q

British Chartism

A

Most movements ultimately failed

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48
Q

Purpose behind construction of the Crystal Palace

A

Great Exhibition of 1851; symbolized peace, and that industry doesn’t equal a dirtier world and manual labor

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49
Q

Relationship between husbands and wives in early factories

A

Wife employed as the assistant, Husband was the foreman

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50
Q

English Factory Act of 1833

A

Forbade employment of children under the age of 9; only 9 hours of work for children, 2 hours of school

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51
Q

Work hours after 1847

A

Adults limited to 10 hours of work

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52
Q

Classes which experienced division of labor into gender specific roles

A

Working class

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53
Q

Requirements of new jobs for women in textile factories

A

unmarried, unskilled labor, supervised by man

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54
Q

Women and employment in France

A

Worked the land, agriculture

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55
Q

First organized police force

A

France in 1828, England in 1829

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56
Q

Trends of criminal activity in Europe

A

Gradually, but steadily going up

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57
Q

Reason British criminals sent to Australia

A

Was an alternative to capital punishment

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58
Q

The Auburn System and Philadelphia System

A

Auburn: Criminals could be together in the day, but separated in cells at night

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59
Q

Classical Economists and economic growth

A

Achieved through competitive free enterprise

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60
Q

Classical Economists and the roles of government

A

laissez-faire economics; tax, protected trade tariffs

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61
Q

Thomas Malthus, Essay on the Principle of Population and his views

A

Population will always exceed resources; point of crisis

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62
Q

David Ricardo, Principles of Political Economy and his views

A

Iron Laws of Wages (cycle)

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63
Q

Jeremy Bentham and Utilitarianism

A

The greatest good for the greatest # of people

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64
Q

Utopian socialist movements

A

idealistic, anti-capitalism, radical sexuality

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65
Q

Count Claude Henri de Saint Simon

A

Technocracy, wealth managed by experts not owners

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66
Q

Anarchists

A

rejected industry, government, and capitalism

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67
Q

Karl Marx and the Communist Manifesto

A

Capitalism = class conflict = dictatorship = classless society

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68
Q

Sources of inspiration for the Communist Manifesto

A

Hegel (thesis, etc.), utopian socialists

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69
Q

Regions of revolution in 1848

A

Austrian Empire, France

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70
Q

Makeup of revolutionaries in 1848

A

Nationalists, working class, liberal

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71
Q

Results of 1848-1849 revolutions

A

conservative, order shaken but doesn’t topple, “False Spring”

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72
Q

Louis Philippe and his confrontations with the public

A

February Days - forbids political banquets, workers march on palace, Guizot resigns, king abdicates

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73
Q

Origin of 1848 Revolutions

A

Spreads from France, randomly

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74
Q

Actions of the Hungarians during the Magyar Revolution

A

march laws passed; freedom of press trial by jury, practice religion, extension of franchise

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75
Q

The Black Death

  • Description
  • Preconditions
  • Characteristics
  • Cause and Spread
A

The Bubonic Plague, a deadly plague; a plague that ripped through Europe, killing 2/5 of the population; caused by overpopulation, famine, and bad health; discolored body, cough; spread by rats and coughing

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76
Q

Social and economic consequences of the Bubonic Plague

A

Agricultural prices fell, wages of skilled artisans soared; peasants revolted because of Statute of Laborers

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77
Q

Social groups affected by the plague

A

Peasants and noble land-holding elite

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78
Q

Popular remedies used against Black Plague

A

Amulets, moderation, promiscuity, doctors robe, leaching, and self flagellation

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79
Q

Death toll in Europe due to Black Plague

A

25,000,000

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80
Q

Statute of Laborers

A

Limited peasant wages in England to pre-plague levels; restricted peasants from leaving land

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81
Q

Traditional “containers” of monarchy in Middle Ages

A

Clergy, church and nobility

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82
Q

The Hundred Years War

  • Description
  • Causes
  • Result
  • Length
A

1337-1453; war between France and England; caused by dynastic rivalry, proximity and Edward’s vassalage; results in England holding Calais; lasted 116 years

83
Q

Key players of the Hundred Years War

A

Edward III, Henry V, Joan of Arc

84
Q

Characteristics of France at the start of the Hundred Years’ War

A

Internal disunity

85
Q

The Jacquerie

A

Peasants revolt because they were being forced to rebuild and pay higher taxes for the war

86
Q

The Estates General

A

Representative of townspeople, clergy and nobility

87
Q

Reasons for early French Failures in 100 years war

A

Feudalism

88
Q

Weapons used by the English in the 100 years war

A

Longbow and navy

89
Q

Impact and results of the Treaty of Troyes

A

Disinherited the Dauphin; Henry V becomes heir, dies, French king dies too, Henry VI becomes King of England and France

90
Q

Execution of Joan of Arc

A

May 30, 1431; guilty of heresy

91
Q

Burdens felt by social classes during the Hundred Years War

A

Peasantry forced to pay heavy taxes and rebuild

92
Q

Papal Plentitude of Power

A

Gave Pope power over church and state

93
Q

Pope Boniface VIII’s struggle with monarchical authority

A

Boniface and Philip the Fair went against each other with laws and papal bulls

94
Q

Ausculta Fili

A

God set Popes over Kings

95
Q

Unam Sanctum

A

Temporal authority has to submit to spiritual authority

96
Q

Marsilius of Padua

A

Wrote “Defender of Peace”

97
Q

Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges

A

Gallican liberties

98
Q

Religious movements and the assault on the late medieval church

A

John Wycliffe, John Huss; started assaulting the church

99
Q

Facts about John Wycliffe

A

Critical of church doctrines; accused of donatism

100
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A

When the papal offices were in Avignon

101
Q

The Great Schism

  • Description
  • National divisions surrounding it
A

1378-1417; 2 Popes thought they should rule over church; French joined Pope Clement, England joined Pope Urban

102
Q

Description of the Renaissance

A

Revival of ancient learning; started in Italy in 1375, ended in 1527

103
Q

Difference between Medieval and Renaissance Europe

A

Medieval - just thought about the afterlife and the church

Renaissance - more about the here and now

104
Q

Reasons Italy was birthplace of the Renaissance

A

It was where the ancient learnings originally happened

105
Q

Italian cities that played a key role in trade between Europe and Near East

A

Florence and Naples

106
Q

Results of the conflict between the Pope and the Holy Roman Emporer

A

Oligarchies became more powerful; city-states under control of oligarchies

107
Q

Consequences of social strife and competition in Italian cities

A

Feuds went on between different social classes

108
Q

Reaction of lower classes of Florence because of the Black Death

A

Ciompi Revolt; ending with lower classes in charge of city

109
Q

Cosimo de Medici

A

Very, very wealthy man; ruled city-states

110
Q

Professions of humanists

A

They all wrote books; authors

111
Q

Facts about Francesco Petrarch

A

Father of Humanism; wrote Sonnets to Laura

112
Q

Facts about Humanism

A

Study of Latin and Greek classics; revival of ancient learning

113
Q

Civic Humanism

A

Wisdom, knowledge of good, ability to inspire; adaptation to plain humanism

114
Q

Baldassare Castiglione

A

1478-1529; wrote a “How to” book on how to be a courtier

115
Q

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

A

1) Realism and Expression 2) Perspective 3) Classicism 4) Individualism 5) Geometrical Arrangement 6) Light and Shadowing

116
Q

Significance to Giotto to the Renaissance

A

Father of renaissance art, painting

117
Q

Masters of the High Renaissance

A

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo

118
Q

Leonardo da Vinci and his works

A

L’Uomo Universale (Renaissance man); loved painting; Mona Lisa, The Last Supper

119
Q

Michelangelo and his works

A

Hated da Vinci; loved sculpting; David, The Pieta, Sistine Chapel Ceiling

120
Q

Raphael and his works

A

Better at painting; School of Athens, Madonnas, Liberation of St. Peter

121
Q

Treaty of Lodi

A

1454-1455; partnered Milan, Naples and Florence; put papal states and Venice together; balanced power

122
Q

Ludovico il Moro

A

Despotic ruler from Milan; wanted to control all of Italy

123
Q

The French Invasions of Italy

  • 1st Invasion
  • 2nd Invasion
  • 3rd Invasion
A

1st Invasion: Ludovico il Moro invites Charles VIII to invade Naples; invasion ends because of the League of Venice
2nd Invasion: Pope Alexander VI invites Louis XII to invade, succeeds; Pope Julius II creates the Holy League, wins Battle of Novara
3rd Invasion: Francis I invades; Concordat of Bologna ends invasion after only 1 battle

124
Q

Facts about the Pope Julius II

A

Politics and military; the Warrior pope; had bull fights in the papal palace, very evil

125
Q

Facts about the Concordat of Bologna

A

Protected gallican liberties; allowed papacy to collect annates; Pope power over church councils; keeps France strong during reformation

126
Q

Characteristics of Machiavelli and The Prince

A

Witnessed the Renaissance; nationalist, humanist; The Prince was a book on how to gain and maintain power

127
Q

Factors which led to the transition of feudal to national monarchies

A

Black Plague, Hundred Years War, The Great Schism, King and town relationship

128
Q

Groups affected by taxations of 15th and 16th century monarchs

A

Peasants

129
Q

The War of Roses

  • Causes
  • Players
  • Outcomes
A

York vs. Lancaster; Edwards, Henrys and Richards; The Tudor Dynasty; Court of the Star Chamber

130
Q

Causes of the Crimean War

A

Russia’s ambition in the Black Sea Region; Two branches of Catholicism going against each other

131
Q

Uniqueness of the Crimean War

A

The public was aware of what was going on in the war

132
Q

Nations involved in the Crimean War

A

Russia vs. France, Britain, and the Ottoman Empire

133
Q

Facts about Florence Nightingale

A

Founder of modern nursing; took 30 nurses to field hospitals, reformed them; Lady with the Lamp

134
Q

Effects of the Crimean War

A

Caused an era of Ottoman Reform, the Tanzimat; Treaty of Paris (1856); Russia forced to withdraw from Moldavia, Russian invincibility discredited; Concert of Europe discredited

135
Q

Nationalist leaders of Italy and their significance

A

Giuseppe Mazzini (The Heart/Soul), Giuseppe Garibaldi (The Sword), Count Camillo Cavour (The Head), Victor Emmanuel II, Piedmont (The Magnet)

136
Q

Count Camillo Cavour and philosophical parallels

A

Impressed by Enlightenments; utilitarianism; Italy needed Frances help to unify; spread of Nationalism through Italy; Machiavellian

137
Q

Political ideology and form of government favored by Cavour

A

Utilitarianism; conservative; anti-Republican; in favor of constitutional monarchy; favored industry

138
Q

Reforms of the Ottoman Empire

A

Liberal reforms; Ottoman Constitution, short lasting parliamentary system, Sultan didn’t like it; Tanzimat

139
Q

Agreement of 1858 between Cavour and Napoleon III

A

Pact of Plumbieres; agreed to provoke war with Austria, and pave way for Italian unification

140
Q

Circumstances leading to Venetia’s incorporation into Italian Nation

A

Austro-Prussian War in 1866; Prussia gives Venetia to Italy

141
Q

Role of Sardinia-Piedmont in Italian Unification

A

The Magnet; led by Victor Emmanuel II and Cavour

142
Q

Cavour’s keys to the unification of Italy

A

Believed in strong industry; intervention from foreign powers; national societies

143
Q

Facts about/significance/role of Giuseppe Garibaldi in Italian Unification

A

He united the southern half of Italy; eventually incorporated into the northern half to have a full unified Italian Nation; Expedition of the Thousand (1860)

144
Q

The Birth of Italy as a Nation

A

Autumn of 1860; Constitutional Monarchy

145
Q

Most important political development between 1848-1914

A

<p>Unification of Germany
</p>

146
Q

Facts about Otto van Bismarck

A

Prime minister under Wilhelm; Unification without Austria; Industry; Military; favored constitutional monarchy

147
Q

Two strongest and rival states of the German Confederation

A

Austria and Prussia

148
Q

Evidence that Bismarck was a pragmatist

A

“Germany is not looking to Prussia’s liberalism but to her power. . . . The great questions of the day will not be decided by speeches and majority decisions - that was the mistake of 1989-1948 - but by iron and blood.”

149
Q

Reasons for Bismarck’s embrace of German Nationalism

A

Went around liberals to achieve unification

150
Q

Causes of the Danish War of 1864

A

Denmark annexed Schleswig and Holstein; Treaty of Gastine, Schleswig to Prussia, Holstein to Austria

151
Q

Effects of the Seven Weeks’ War

A

Austro-Prussian War; Prussia victorious; Bismarck achieves unification without Austria

152
Q

Houses of the North German Confederation Govt.

A

Lower Branch: Reichstag; Federal Branch: Bundesrat

153
Q

The Bad-Ems Telegram

A

Sent by Wilhelm I to Otto van Bismarck; Bismarck changed it to provoke war with France; Way to get Germany and south to unify

154
Q

Facts about the Franco-Prussian War

A

1870-1871; Secured unification; Brought together north and south; Battle of Sedan; Napoleon III prisoner of war; France forced to pay cost of war

155
Q

French rulers since 1789

A

Louis XVI, Napoleon, Louis XVIII, Charles X, Louis Philippe, Napoleon III

156
Q

Facts about the Paris Commune

A

New municipal government; March 28, 1871; Intended to administer Paris separate from rest of France; Dominated by Bourgeoisie

157
Q

Impact of emergence of German Empire

A

Germany was now a superpower; Conservatism was a blow to liberalism

158
Q

Facts about the Dreyfus Affair

A

December 22, 1894; Found Dreyfus guilty of passing secret info to German army; covering up the corrupt French military

159
Q

Facts about the 19th century Habsburg Empire

A

Absolutist; Dynastically ruled; agricultural; Francis Joseph; military bureaucracy

160
Q

The Ausgleich of 1867

A

Created Austria-Hungary; separate states, had same currency and common military

161
Q

Czech Trialism and opposition to it

A

Hungary; Germans in Bohemia and Moravia

162
Q

Reforms of Alexander II

A

Parliament in Russia; Assassinated before putting Duma in place; Westernized judicial system; 1860-1974: Went from 25 years of active duty to 6 years of active duty; Abolition of serfdom, caused impoverished peasants; Communes and Zemstvos

163
Q

Problems with serfdom in Russia

A

Armies; Domestic revolts; Economically inefficient; Viewed as immoral and unethical

164
Q

Impacts that emancipation had on Russian serfs

A

Pay 49 year mortgage; Marry freely; Right to sue; Economic rights; Buy and sell land

165
Q

Relationship of Poland with Russia prior to WWI

A

Russification; Make them into a little Russia

166
Q

Revolutionary groups in Russia during the reign of Tsar Alexander II

A

Populist formed by intellectuals; Took ideas from Alexander Herzen’s The Bell; Land and Freedom; People’s Will

167
Q

Significance of William Gladstone’s ministry

A

1868-1874; Witnessed culmination of classical British liberalism; 1870: Government controlled school

168
Q

Facts about Benjamin Disraeli

A

Conservative politician; Public Health Act of 1875 and Artisans Housing Act of 1875

169
Q

Ireland’s movement for home rule

A

Irish land league in late 1870’s; Leader for home rule was Charles Stuart Parnell; 1881: passed Irish land act that strengthened tenant rights

170
Q

Significance of new German Empire in Europe

A

Economic and Naval rival; Russian reforms; Austria weakened and seek reform; France isolated and weakened

171
Q

Bismarck’s goal for Germany

A

Maintain it as unified and strong, no expansion

172
Q

Facts about the Russo-Turkish War

A

1877

173
Q

Facts and Results of Congress of Berlin

A

Treaty of Sans-Stefano; Bismarck “honest broker”; Austria-Hungary gets Bosnia-Herzegovina; Russia lost 2/3 of land to Bulgaria

174
Q

Three Emperor’s League, Triple Alliance, Dual Alliance, Entente Cordiale, Triple Entente

A

T.E.L. - Russia and Austria; T.A. - Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy; Dual - Germany and Austria-Hungary; Entente Cordiale - France and Britain; Triple Entente - Russia, France and Britain

175
Q

Facts about Kaiser William II and his political goals

A

Young, hot headed, eager; dismissed Bismarck as chancellor

176
Q

The “Powder Keg of Europe”

A

Balkan Peninsula

177
Q

Factors that led to World War I

A

Secret alliance systems; Balkan wars; Young Turks take over Ottoman Empire; June 28, 1914, Archduke Francis Ferdinand assassinated

178
Q

Impact of Second Morocco Crisis

A

1911; Wilhelm II and Germany threaten France; strengthened alliance between France and Britain

179
Q

Facts and significance of assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand

A

June 28, 1914; The Black Hand; Princip killed him; survived a bomb

180
Q

Responses from the Dual Alliance and Triple Entente following the assassination of Francis Ferdinand

A

Troop mobilization on the Eastern front between Russia, Austria-Hungary and Germany; Britain tries to stay out of war as long as possible

181
Q

1st country to mobilize against Russia

A

Austria

182
Q

The Schlieffen Plan

A

Germanys attempt to avoid a two front war; French first, then Russia

183
Q

Reasons Germany was blamed for the war

A

“Blank Check” to Austria; Declared war on France and Russia; Invaded Belgium

184
Q

Facts/Characteristics/Battles of the Western Front

A

Battle of the Marne; Battle of Verdun; Battle of the Somme; No man’s land; English channel; Trench warfare

185
Q

Weapons used during WWI

A

Machine gun, poison gas, tanks, submarines, planes, artillery, zeppelines

186
Q

New Entries into the war starting 1915 and the sides they joined

A

Italy and Japan join Allies in 1915; Romania shortly joins Allies in 1916; U.S. joins Allies in 1917

187
Q

Colonel T.E. Lawrence and his role during WWI

A

British general; Rallied support of Arabs; Caused trouble for Turkish

188
Q

Facts about the Battle of Gallipoli

A

Anzac: British, Australian and New Zealand forces; mastermind plan of Winston Churchill; plan was to take over Mediterranean and take out Ottoman Empire; attempt to get trade route with Russia through Black Sea; Allies lost

189
Q

Reasons for U.S. entry into war

A

Sinking of the Lusitania, killing 118 Americans; The Zimmerman Note; Russian revolution pulling Russia out of the war

190
Q

Woodrow Wilson’s view of WWI

A

Idealistic crusade “ to make the world safe for democracy “

191
Q

Causes of the March Revolution in Russia

A

Tsar Nicholas II collapsed; in November, Bolshevik party seized power from Provisional Government; result of monarchs inability to rule

192
Q

Significance of Rasputin in Russian political affairs

A

Tsar Nicholas II son had Hemophilia, Rasputin helped his son; gained influence with Tsar Nicholas’ wife

193
Q

Facts about the Bolsheviks

A

Working against provisional government; Leader was V.I. Lenin; Demanded all political power go to Soviets

194
Q

Description and significance of Soviets

A

Councils

195
Q

Actions of Bolsheviks after seizing power

A

Nationalized land and turned it over to peasant proprietors; Factory workers put in charge of plants; state seized banks; Took Russia out of WWI

196
Q

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

A

Russia yielded Poland, Finland, the Baltic States, and Ukraine; Bolsheviks also agreed to pay a heavy war indemnity

197
Q

Last German Offensive

A

Gamble everything for a last push on Paris before U.S. arrives; After defeat, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Ottoman Empire withdraw from war

198
Q

Casualties of WWI

A

10,000,000 died, 20,000,000 wounded; 5,000,000 Allied troops died, 4,000,000 Central troops died, 1,000,000 civilians died

199
Q

Effects of the War

A

Tons of casualties; Austria-Hungary splits into a bunch of countries; Russia is the USSR; Ottoman Empire is gone; Tons of war debt from destruction; USA is new superpower; Communism is a new political force; Fascism counters it; WWII

200
Q

Results/Effects of the Treaty of Versailles and Severs regarding the Ottoman Empire

A

Wanted peace w/out victors;

201
Q

Facts about the Greco-Turkish war

A

Greeks wanted more land; Mustafa Kemal led Turks, defeated Greeks; Turkey becomes a country in 1923

202
Q

The “Big Four”

A

Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, Vittorio Orlando

203
Q

Obstacles to peace faced by the Big Four

A

Publicity, everything was public; Woodrow Wilson, his ideals were unrealistic; Nationalism; The Victors, each victor wanted a ton of stuff; Bolshevism, growing fear of communism

204
Q

Key parts of WIlson’s Fourteen Points

A

Self-Determination, Open Diplomacy, Freedom of the Seas, Disarmament, League of Nations

AP Euro (4 decks)

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