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Pathology And Pharmacy 309 > Unit 7: Secondary ocular disorders > Flashcards

Unit 7: Secondary ocular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Giant cell arteritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of arteries
-Headache
-Scalp tenderness
-Jaw pain
-Vision loss

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2
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

A temporary loss of vision that occurs 7 to 10 days prior to permanent vision loss

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3
Q

Treatment for giant cell arteritis

A

High dose steroids

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4
Q

How is giant cell arteritis diagnosed

A

-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-C-reactive protein
-Temporal artery biopsy
-Colour Doppler ultrasound (CDUS)
-CT and MRI of the vascular system

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5
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

-Auto immune disease
-Effects females age 20 to 40
-Causes muscle weakness and fatigue by blocking acetylcholine receptors
-Cause unknown

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6
Q

Symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

-Diplopia
-Droopy eyelids

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7
Q

Symptoms of Graves’ disease

A

-Upper lid retraction
-Lid lag
-Exophthalmos
-Vision loss or colour vision loss
-Diplopia
-Disk swelling
-Pupillary defect

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8
Q

Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

A

A condition where the afferent visual pathway is damaged somehow

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9
Q

RAPD caused by

A

-Retinal detachment
-Artery or vein occlusion
-Tumour
-Asymmetric glaucoma
-Other nerve disease

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10
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome

A

A result of sympathetic nerve damage

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11
Q

Signs and symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

A

-Miosis
-Ptosis
-Anhidrosis of one side

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12
Q

What are the causes of Horner’s syndrome

A

-Stroke
-Tumour
-Spinal cord injury
-Multiple sclerosis
-Goiter

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13
Q

Adie’s tonic pupil

A

Pupil that’s larger than the other and doesn’t get smaller in bright light very fast

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14
Q

Causes of Adie’s tonic pupil

A

-Idiopathic
-Post viral infection

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15
Q

Cranial nerve palsies can be caused by ischemia from these disorders

A

-Diabetes
-Arteriosclerosis
-Hypertension

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16
Q

Indicators of CN VI palsy

A

-Poor abduction
-Esotropia


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17
Q

CN IV palsy caused by

A

-Trauma
-Vascular
-Infection
-Aneurism

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18
Q

CN IV palsy presents with

A

-Weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle
-Vertical or near vertical double vision

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19
Q

CN III palsy presents with

A

-Eye is “down and out”
-Ptosis
-Dilated pupil

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20
Q

CN III Palsy is caused by

A

-Vascular disorders
-Diabetes and heart disease
-Atherosclerosis
-Aneurism
-Tumours
-Inflammation and infection
-Trauma
-Multiple sclerosis
-Myasthenia gravis

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21
Q

Symptoms of nystagmus

A

-Wiggly eyeballs

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22
Q

Nystagmus is caused by

A

-Congenital
-Stroke
-Head injury
-Drug and alcohol use

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23
Q

Characteristics of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

-Sudden vision loss
-Reduced visual acuity
-Visual field defects (altitudinal)


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24
Q

Two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

AAION- Arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

NAION-Non arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

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25
Q

Causes of a ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

Lack of blood flow (infarct) to optic nerve

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26
Q

Causes of AAION

A

Almost exclusively caused by giant cell arteritis

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27
Q

Causes of NAION

A

-Diabetes
-Hypertension
-Hyper lipidaemia
-Renal disease

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28
Q

Treatment for AAION

A

High dose of steroids

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29
Q

Treatment for NAION

A

Treat underlying disease

30
Q

Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy(PION)

A

Acute painless vision loss in one or both eyes

31
Q

Three types of PION

A

-Arteritic: PION from GCA
-Non-arteritic
-Perioperative

32
Q

What is papilledema

A

-Optic disc swelling
-Generally bilateral
-Present with headaches
-Present with enlarged Blindspot

33
Q

Papilledema Is caused by

A

Elevated intracranial pressure

34
Q

Characteristics of optic neuritis

A

–GENERALLY UNILATERAL
-Optic nerve swelling
-Optic disc pallor
-Visual field defects
-Pupillary defect


35
Q

Causes of optic neuritis

A

Multiple sclerosis

36
Q

Optical coherence tomography

A

-Scanning light beams to assess reflected light and generate images
-Measure retinal nerve fibre layer
-Non-invasive
-Assesses layers of retina

37
Q

Type one diabetes

A

-Lack of insulin altogether
-Must take insulin
-Usually congenital

38
Q

Type two diabetes

A

-Not enough insulin
-Or insulin not working properly

39
Q

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by

A

-Neovascularization
-Vitreous haemorrhages
-Retinal detachment from scar tissue contraction

40
Q

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy presents with

A

-Microaneurisms
-Blood vessel changes
-Dot and blot haemorrhages
-Exudates
-Macular edema

41
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

42
Q

Treatment for ocular nonproliferative diabetes

A

Macular edema- laser/anti-VEGF injections

43
Q

Treatment for proliferative optical diabetes

A

Neovascularization- Panretinal photo coagulation Or anti-VEGF injections

Vitreous haemorrhages-Vitrectomy

RD from scar tissue contraction-Laser or surgery

44
Q

Effects of diabetes

A

-Cardiovascular
-Damages blood vessels
-Delayed wound healing
-Neuropathy
-Kidney damage
-Blurred vision
-Diabetic retinopathy

45
Q

What is HbA1c test?

A

Measures blood sugar over three months
-Normal level: below 5.7%
-Pre-diabetic level: 5.7 to 6.4%
-Diagnosis of diabetes: 6.5% or higher

46
Q

Possible corneal changes from diabetes

A

-Reduced corneal sensitivity
-Delayed wound healing

47
Q

Characteristics of hypertensive retinopathy

A

-Retinal haemorrhages
-AV crossing changes
-Hard exudate
-Cotton wool spots


48
Q

Characteristics of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)

A

-Sudden extreme Peripheral visual field loss
-Cherry red spot (Appearance of choroidal vessels viewed through thin fovea)

49
Q

Treatment for CRAO

A

-Breathing into a paper bag
-Acetazolomide infusion
-Ocular massage
-Vasodilators
-Thrombolytic therapy

50
Q

Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO)

A

-Blockage in the smaller artery
-Sectional visual field loss

51
Q

Central retinal vein occlusion

A

-Restricted central retinal vein
-Vein restricted by artery
-Sudden vision loss

52
Q

Medical Treatment of CRVO

A

-Anticoagulants and antiplatelets
-Systemic corticosteroids
-Intravitreal corticosteroids
-Systemic Acetazolamide
-Sustained release intravitreal implants

53
Q

Side effects of hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil)

A

-Bull’s-eye retinopathy
-Vortex keratopathy

54
Q

What does phenylephrine do

A

A diagnostic tool to distinguish between episcleritis and scleritis
-If vessels don’t blanch or constrict then it’s scleritis

55
Q

Surgical treatment of CRVO

A

-Panretinal photocoagulation
-Ocular thrombolysis
-Surgical decompression of central retinal vein
-Laser induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis

56
Q

Accutane (isoretinoin)

A

-Acne medication
-May cause dry eyes

57
Q

Minocycline antibiotic

A

-Acne medication
-Treats infection as well as inflammation
-May cause elevated IC pressure that could lead to optic disc swelling

58
Q

Adverse effects of Amiodarone (Treatment of irregular heartbeat)

A

-Whorl-like corneal deposits
-Ischaemic optic neuropathy

59
Q

Adverse effects of Topamax (topiramate)

A

-Elevated interocular pressure
-Angle closure glaucoma
-Acute myopic shift

60
Q

Adverse effects of plaquenil (hydrochloroquine)

A

-Bull’s-eye maculopathy
-Whorl-like keratopathy
-Loss of visual acuity

61
Q

What is plaquenil (hydrochloroquine) used as a treatment for

A

-Antimalarial
-Manages autoimmune inflammation
-Rheumatoid arthritis
-Systemic lupus erythematosus

62
Q

Adverse effects of Fosamax (alendronate sodium) (Osteoporosis management)

A

-Inflammatory reactions
-Scleritis
-Episcleritis
-Keratitis
-Conjunctivitis

63
Q

What are phenylephrine drops used for

A

Telling the difference between scleritis and episcleritis

64
Q

Sildenafil (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) Adverse effects

A

-Decreased colour vision
-Blueish tinge to vision
-Blurry vision
-Red dry eyes

65
Q

Flomax (treatment for enlarged prostate) adverse effects

A

-Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS)

66
Q

Adverse effects of tamoxifen (Endocrine therapy after breast cancer)

A

Crystalline maculopathy

67
Q

Adverse effects of corticosteroids (Treatment of inflammation)

A

-Subcapsular cataract
-Elevated interocular pressure

68
Q

Difference between infectious uveitis and non-infectious uveitis

A

Infectious can result from a bacteria or virus in your eye

Non-infectious can result from an eye injury or disease somewhere else in your body

69
Q

What is papilloedema associated with

A

Elevated INTRACRANIAL pressure (not IOP)

70
Q

Often one of the first signs of multiple sclerosis

A

Optic neuritis

Pathology And Pharmacy 309 (7 decks)

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