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Pathology And Pharmacy 309 > Unit 7: Secondary ocular disorders > Flashcards

Unit 7: Secondary ocular disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Giant cell arteritis

A

Inflammation of the lining of arteries
-Headache
-Scalp tenderness
-Jaw pain
-Vision loss

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2
Q

Amaurosis fugax

A

A temporary loss of vision that occurs 7 to 10 days prior to permanent vision loss

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3
Q

Treatment for giant cell arteritis

A

High dose steroids

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4
Q

How is giant cell arteritis diagnosed

A

-Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
-C-reactive protein
-Temporal artery biopsy
-Colour Doppler ultrasound (CDUS)
-CT and MRI of the vascular system

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5
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A

-Auto immune disease
-Effects females age 20 to 40
-Causes muscle weakness and fatigue by blocking acetylcholine receptors
-Cause unknown

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6
Q

Symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A

-Diplopia
-Droopy eyelids

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7
Q

Symptoms of Graves’ disease

A

-Upper lid retraction
-Lid lag
-Exophthalmos
-Vision loss or colour vision loss
-Diplopia
-Disk swelling
-Pupillary defect

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8
Q

Relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

A

A condition where the afferent visual pathway is damaged somehow

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9
Q

RAPD caused by

A

-Retinal detachment
-Artery or vein occlusion
-Tumour
-Asymmetric glaucoma
-Other nerve disease

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10
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome

A

A result of sympathetic nerve damage

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11
Q

Signs and symptoms of Horner’s syndrome

A

-Miosis
-Ptosis
-Anhidrosis of one side

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12
Q

What are the causes of Horner’s syndrome

A

-Stroke
-Tumour
-Spinal cord injury
-Multiple sclerosis
-Goiter

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13
Q

Adie’s tonic pupil

A

Pupil that’s larger than the other and doesn’t get smaller in bright light very fast

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14
Q

Causes of Adie’s tonic pupil

A

-Idiopathic
-Post viral infection

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15
Q

Cranial nerve palsies can be caused by ischemia from these disorders

A

-Diabetes
-Arteriosclerosis
-Hypertension

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16
Q

Indicators of CN VI palsy

A

-Poor abduction
-Esotropia


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17
Q

CN IV palsy caused by

A

-Trauma
-Vascular
-Infection
-Aneurism

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18
Q

CN IV palsy presents with

A

-Weakness or paralysis of the superior oblique muscle
-Vertical or near vertical double vision

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19
Q

CN III palsy presents with

A

-Eye is “down and out”
-Ptosis
-Dilated pupil

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20
Q

CN III Palsy is caused by

A

-Vascular disorders
-Diabetes and heart disease
-Atherosclerosis
-Aneurism
-Tumours
-Inflammation and infection
-Trauma
-Multiple sclerosis
-Myasthenia gravis

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21
Q

Symptoms of nystagmus

A

-Wiggly eyeballs

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22
Q

Nystagmus is caused by

A

-Congenital
-Stroke
-Head injury
-Drug and alcohol use

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23
Q

Characteristics of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

-Sudden vision loss
-Reduced visual acuity
-Visual field defects (altitudinal)


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24
Q

Two types of ischaemic optic neuropathy

A

AAION- Arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

NAION-Non arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

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25
Causes of a ischaemic optic neuropathy
Lack of blood flow (infarct) to optic nerve
26
Causes of AAION
Almost exclusively caused by giant cell arteritis
27
Causes of NAION
-Diabetes -Hypertension -Hyper lipidaemia -Renal disease
28
Treatment for AAION
High dose of steroids
29
Treatment for NAION
Treat underlying disease
30
Posterior ischaemic optic neuropathy(PION)
Acute painless vision loss in one or both eyes
31
Three types of PION
-Arteritic: PION from GCA -Non-arteritic -Perioperative
32
What is papilledema
-Optic disc swelling -Generally bilateral -Present with headaches -Present with enlarged Blindspot
33
Papilledema Is caused by
Elevated intracranial pressure
34
Characteristics of optic neuritis
--GENERALLY UNILATERAL -Optic nerve swelling -Optic disc pallor -Visual field defects -Pupillary defect 
35
Causes of optic neuritis
Multiple sclerosis
36
Optical coherence tomography
-Scanning light beams to assess reflected light and generate images -Measure retinal nerve fibre layer -Non-invasive -Assesses layers of retina
37
Type one diabetes
-Lack of insulin altogether -Must take insulin -Usually congenital
38
Type two diabetes
-Not enough insulin -Or insulin not working properly
39
Proliferative diabetic retinopathy is characterized by
-Neovascularization -Vitreous haemorrhages -Retinal detachment from scar tissue contraction
40
Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy presents with
-Microaneurisms -Blood vessel changes -Dot and blot haemorrhages -Exudates -Macular edema
41
VEGF
Vascular endothelial growth factor
42
Treatment for ocular nonproliferative diabetes
Macular edema- laser/anti-VEGF injections
43
Treatment for proliferative optical diabetes
Neovascularization- Panretinal photo coagulation Or anti-VEGF injections Vitreous haemorrhages-Vitrectomy RD from scar tissue contraction-Laser or surgery
44
Effects of diabetes
-Cardiovascular -Damages blood vessels -Delayed wound healing -Neuropathy -Kidney damage -Blurred vision -Diabetic retinopathy
45
What is HbA1c test?
Measures blood sugar over three months -Normal level: below 5.7% -Pre-diabetic level: 5.7 to 6.4% -Diagnosis of diabetes: 6.5% or higher
46
Possible corneal changes from diabetes
-Reduced corneal sensitivity -Delayed wound healing
47
Characteristics of hypertensive retinopathy
-Retinal haemorrhages -AV crossing changes -Hard exudate -Cotton wool spots 
48
Characteristics of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO)
-Sudden extreme Peripheral visual field loss -Cherry red spot (Appearance of choroidal vessels viewed through thin fovea)
49
Treatment for CRAO
-Breathing into a paper bag -Acetazolomide infusion -Ocular massage -Vasodilators -Thrombolytic therapy
50
Branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO)
-Blockage in the smaller artery -Sectional visual field loss
51
Central retinal vein occlusion
-Restricted central retinal vein -Vein restricted by artery -Sudden vision loss
52
Medical Treatment of CRVO
-Anticoagulants and antiplatelets -Systemic corticosteroids -Intravitreal corticosteroids -Systemic Acetazolamide -Sustained release intravitreal implants
53
Side effects of hydroxychloroquine (plaquenil)
-Bull’s-eye retinopathy -Vortex keratopathy
54
What does phenylephrine do
A diagnostic tool to distinguish between episcleritis and scleritis -If vessels don’t blanch or constrict then it’s scleritis
55
Surgical treatment of CRVO
-Panretinal photocoagulation -Ocular thrombolysis -Surgical decompression of central retinal vein -Laser induced chorioretinal venous anastomosis
56
Accutane (isoretinoin)
-Acne medication -May cause dry eyes
57
Minocycline antibiotic
-Acne medication -Treats infection as well as inflammation -May cause elevated IC pressure that could lead to optic disc swelling
58
Adverse effects of Amiodarone (Treatment of irregular heartbeat)
-Whorl-like corneal deposits -Ischaemic optic neuropathy
59
Adverse effects of Topamax (topiramate)
-Elevated interocular pressure -Angle closure glaucoma -Acute myopic shift
60
Adverse effects of plaquenil (hydrochloroquine)
-Bull’s-eye maculopathy -Whorl-like keratopathy -Loss of visual acuity
61
What is plaquenil (hydrochloroquine) used as a treatment for
-Antimalarial -Manages autoimmune inflammation -Rheumatoid arthritis -Systemic lupus erythematosus
62
Adverse effects of Fosamax (alendronate sodium) (Osteoporosis management)
-Inflammatory reactions -Scleritis -Episcleritis -Keratitis -Conjunctivitis
63
What are phenylephrine drops used for
Telling the difference between scleritis and episcleritis
64
Sildenafil (phosphodiesterase inhibitor) Adverse effects
-Decreased colour vision -Blueish tinge to vision -Blurry vision -Red dry eyes
65
Flomax (treatment for enlarged prostate) adverse effects
-Intraoperative floppy iris syndrome (IFIS)
66
Adverse effects of tamoxifen (Endocrine therapy after breast cancer)
Crystalline maculopathy
67
Adverse effects of corticosteroids (Treatment of inflammation)
-Subcapsular cataract -Elevated interocular pressure
68
Difference between infectious uveitis and non-infectious uveitis
Infectious can result from a bacteria or virus in your eye Non-infectious can result from an eye injury or disease somewhere else in your body
69
What is papilloedema associated with
Elevated INTRACRANIAL pressure (not IOP)
70
Often one of the first signs of multiple sclerosis
Optic neuritis

Pathology And Pharmacy 309 (7 decks)

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