Unit 1+2 Flashcards by Dee Pocha

Definitions of “drug”

-substances recognized in an official pharmacopeia
-substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
-substance intended to affect the structure or function of the body
-substance intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a component of a device

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Active ingredient

The main ingredient in the medicine that causes the effect of the Medici e

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Prodrug

Medication that turns into an active form once they enter the body

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Shelf life

Time where drug quality is 100%

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Expiration

-after this quality is reduced. Drug is no longer guaranteed
-could become toxic

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Labelled indication

Specific instructions that are tested and official

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Off-label prescribing

-Not officially approved, but commonly used for purpose
-like dosage instruction times

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Pharmacokinetics

What the body does to the drug
-injested, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, excreted.

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Pharmacodynamics

What drug does to the body
-therapeutic or adverse effects

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How drugs move across biological membrane

-diffusion
-filtration
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-endocytosis

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What impacts the rate of drug absorption?

-drug solubility
-particle size
-surface area
-dissolution rate
-dosage
-vascularity
-lipid solubility
-metabolism
-ionization

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Metabolism

-Biochemical transformation of the drug
-done by liver

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First pass metabolism

If administered orally, the concentration of a drug is reduced by a certain amount because of metabolism before it can be absorbed

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What impacts rate of distribution of drug?

-Lipid solubility
-blood flow (metabolism)
-ionization

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Forms of drug elimination

-excretion via kidney
-fecal
-pulmonary(?)
-glands (sweat, mammary)
-kidney

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Pharmacogenomics

Study of how the genome impacts an individuals response to a drug

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Bioavailability

Proportion of the drug that reaches systemic circulation

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How drugs bring about changes

-stimulation
-depression
-irritation
-replacement
-anti-infection
-modification of immune system

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Factors influencing therapeutic effect of drugs

-diet
-age
-weight
-drug interactions
-genetics
-comirbidities
-sex
-race

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Pharmacogenetics

Variation of a single gene that influences response

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Compounded drugs

Drugs that are mixed together by a licensed pharmacist. Tailored to a specific person

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Parts of a prescription

-prescriber info
-patient info
-date of prescription
-the mark Rx
-inscription (drug name, type of prep, concentration
-subscription (quantity of tablets, size of bottle, instructions for compounding medication)
-signatura (info that needs to be conveyed to patient)
Refill date (available refills before dr review)
-signature

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Ophthalmic examples of compound drugs

-lower dose atropine
-combination eye drops

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Enteral

Absorbed via GI tract (oral, gastric, anal)

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Parenteral

Delivered into tissue or blood (injected, inhalation)

Local drug delivery

Specific part of body (skin)

Enteral delivery routes

-capsules -tablets -caplets -enteric coated -Suppositories -feeding tubes -sublingual

Parenteral drug routes

Intradermal (shallow skin) -subcutaneous (deep skin) -intramuscular (into skeletal muscles) -intravenous (into superficial vein) -inhalation -transdermal (adhesive patches applied on skin) -transmucosal (through nose)

Opthalmic injection types

-retrobulbar -subconjunctival (under outer layer) -Intracameral (anterior chamber) -intravitreal (into vitreous fluid)

Local drug routes

-ointment -cream -gel -powder -paste -drops/sprays (mucous membranes)

Innovative drug delivery

Drugs delivered to eye via contact lens

ADRs: Intolerance

Inability to tolerate a drug

Possible causes of ADRs

Polypharmacy, drug interactions, allergic reactions, overdose, prescribing errors

How to prevent ADRs

Document allergies, medications, educate px about side effects, verify px understanding, double check rx instructions

ADRs: Iatrogenic

Physician-induced (maybe dr made a mistake)

ADRs: Drug dependence

Addiction

ADRs: teratogenicity

Drugs being given to wxpectant mothers causing fetal abnormalities

Type B reactions type I

Anaphylactic- rare, life-threatening allergy

Allergic reactions type II

Cytotoxic- antibodies bind to an antigen causing other immune cells to attack it

Allergic reactions type III

Immunucomplex: Large antibody-antigen complexes form immune complex and cause inflammation. Lupus

Allergic reactions type IV

Cell-mediated: Inflammatory response with T cells and macrophages that occurs 24-72 hours after drug exposure

Anti-infectives (cap colour)

Light green/tan

Anti-inflammatories/steroids

Pink

Mydriatics and cycloplegics (cap colour)

Red

NSAIDs

Grey

Miotics

Green

Beta-blockers

Yellow

Beta-blocker combinations (cap colour)

Dark blue

Adrenergic agonists (cap colour)

Purple

Carbonic anhydride inhibitors (cap colour)

Orange

Prostaglandin analogues (cap colour)

Teal

Antibiotics

Treatment for infections

Corticosteroids

Treat inflammation and allergies

Mydriatics and cycloplegics (function)

Dia late pupils and pain management

Alpha-adrenergic agonists

Glaucoma treatment, lower intraocular pressure

Beta blockers (function)

Glaucoma, reduce iop

CArbonic anhydride inhibitors (function)

Glaucoma

Prostaglandin analogues

Glaucoma

Antihistamines (function)

Allergies

NSAIDs (function)

Post-operative inflammation