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Pathology And Pharmacy 309 > Unit 1+2 > Flashcards

Unit 1+2 Flashcards

1
Q

Definitions of “drug”

A

-substances recognized in an official pharmacopeia
-substance intended for use in diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease
-substance intended to affect the structure or function of the body
-substance intended for use as a component of a medicine but not a component of a device

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2
Q

Active ingredient

A

The main ingredient in the medicine that causes the effect of the Medici e

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3
Q

Prodrug

A

Medication that turns into an active form once they enter the body

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4
Q

Shelf life

A

Time where drug quality is 100%

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5
Q

Expiration

A

-after this quality is reduced. Drug is no longer guaranteed
-could become toxic

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6
Q

Labelled indication

A

Specific instructions that are tested and official

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7
Q

Off-label prescribing

A

-Not officially approved, but commonly used for purpose
-like dosage instruction times

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8
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

What the body does to the drug
-injested, absorbed, distributed, metabolized, excreted.

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9
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

What drug does to the body
-therapeutic or adverse effects

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10
Q

How drugs move across biological membrane

A

-diffusion
-filtration
-facilitated diffusion
-active transport
-endocytosis

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11
Q

What impacts the rate of drug absorption?

A

-drug solubility
-particle size
-surface area
-dissolution rate
-dosage
-vascularity
-lipid solubility
-metabolism
-ionization

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12
Q

Metabolism

A

-Biochemical transformation of the drug
-done by liver

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13
Q

First pass metabolism

A

If administered orally, the concentration of a drug is reduced by a certain amount because of metabolism before it can be absorbed

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14
Q

What impacts rate of distribution of drug?

A

-Lipid solubility
-blood flow (metabolism)
-ionization

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15
Q

Forms of drug elimination

A

-excretion via kidney
-fecal
-pulmonary(?)
-glands (sweat, mammary)
-kidney

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16
Q

Pharmacogenomics

A

Study of how the genome impacts an individuals response to a drug

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17
Q

Bioavailability

A

Proportion of the drug that reaches systemic circulation

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18
Q

How drugs bring about changes

A

-stimulation
-depression
-irritation
-replacement
-anti-infection
-modification of immune system

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19
Q

Factors influencing therapeutic effect of drugs

A

-diet
-age
-weight
-drug interactions
-genetics
-comirbidities
-sex
-race

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20
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Variation of a single gene that influences response

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21
Q

Compounded drugs

A

Drugs that are mixed together by a licensed pharmacist. Tailored to a specific person

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22
Q

Parts of a prescription

A

-prescriber info
-patient info
-date of prescription
-the mark Rx
-inscription (drug name, type of prep, concentration
-subscription (quantity of tablets, size of bottle, instructions for compounding medication)
-signatura (info that needs to be conveyed to patient)
Refill date (available refills before dr review)
-signature

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23
Q

Ophthalmic examples of compound drugs

A

-lower dose atropine
-combination eye drops

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24
Q

Enteral

A

Absorbed via GI tract (oral, gastric, anal)

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25
Q

Parenteral

A

Delivered into tissue or blood (injected, inhalation)

26
Q

Local drug delivery

A

Specific part of body (skin)

27
Q

Enteral delivery routes

A

-capsules
-tablets
-caplets
-enteric coated
-Suppositories
-feeding tubes
-sublingual

28
Q

Parenteral drug routes

A

Intradermal (shallow skin)
-subcutaneous (deep skin)
-intramuscular (into skeletal muscles)
-intravenous (into superficial vein)
-inhalation
-transdermal (adhesive patches applied on skin)
-transmucosal (through nose)

29
Q

Opthalmic injection types

A

-retrobulbar
-subconjunctival (under outer layer)
-Intracameral (anterior chamber)
-intravitreal (into vitreous fluid)

30
Q

Local drug routes

A

-ointment
-cream
-gel
-powder
-paste
-drops/sprays (mucous membranes)

31
Q

Innovative drug delivery

A

Drugs delivered to eye via contact lens

32
Q

ADRs: Intolerance

A

Inability to tolerate a drug

33
Q

Possible causes of ADRs

A

Polypharmacy, drug interactions, allergic reactions, overdose, prescribing errors

34
Q

How to prevent ADRs

A

Document allergies, medications, educate px about side effects, verify px understanding, double check rx instructions

35
Q

ADRs: Iatrogenic

A

Physician-induced (maybe dr made a mistake)

36
Q

ADRs: Drug dependence

A

Addiction

37
Q

ADRs: teratogenicity

A

Drugs being given to wxpectant mothers causing fetal abnormalities

38
Q

Type B reactions type I

A

Anaphylactic- rare, life-threatening allergy

39
Q

Allergic reactions type II

A

Cytotoxic- antibodies bind to an antigen causing other immune cells to attack it

40
Q

Allergic reactions type III

A

Immunucomplex: Large antibody-antigen complexes form immune complex and cause inflammation. Lupus

41
Q

Allergic reactions type IV

A

Cell-mediated: Inflammatory response with T cells and macrophages that occurs 24-72 hours after drug exposure

42
Q

Anti-infectives (cap colour)

A

Light green/tan

43
Q

Anti-inflammatories/steroids

A

Pink

44
Q

Mydriatics and cycloplegics (cap colour)

A

Red

45
Q

NSAIDs

A

Grey

46
Q

Miotics

A

Green

47
Q

Beta-blockers

A

Yellow

48
Q

Beta-blocker combinations (cap colour)

A

Dark blue

49
Q

Adrenergic agonists (cap colour)

A

Purple

50
Q

Carbonic anhydride inhibitors (cap colour)

A

Orange

51
Q

Prostaglandin analogues (cap colour)

A

Teal

52
Q

Antibiotics

A

Treatment for infections

53
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Treat inflammation and allergies

54
Q

Mydriatics and cycloplegics (function)

A

Dia late pupils and pain management

55
Q

Alpha-adrenergic agonists

A

Glaucoma treatment, lower intraocular pressure

56
Q

Beta blockers (function)

A

Glaucoma, reduce iop

57
Q

CArbonic anhydride inhibitors (function)

A

Glaucoma

58
Q

Prostaglandin analogues

A

Glaucoma

59
Q

Antihistamines (function)

A

Allergies

60
Q

NSAIDs (function)

A

Post-operative inflammation

Pathology And Pharmacy 309 (7 decks)

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